Benefits of 50 PPM Sulphur Content in Diesel

Transcription

1 Benefits of 50 PPM Sulphur Content in Diesel Presented by Mr. Zahed Kodabuckus Principal Mechanical Engineer MPI, NDU, LT & S & Mr. Abdel Khoodaruth Lecturer University of Mauritius Introduction of EURO IV Diesel Fuel 7 June 2012 Le Maritim Hotel

2 Overview 1. Brief on diesel and its Sulphur Contents 2. Adverse Effects of using 2500 /500 ppm Sulphur 3. Benefits of 50 ppm Sulphur 4. Emission Test Results 5. Emission Control Devices and Additional Benefits

3 Brief on Diesel and its Sulphur Contents

4 Diesel Diesel is a hydrocarbon i.e. it contains hydrogen and carbon ( C x H y ). Theoretically when we burn 1 kilogram of fuel/diesel we obtain: 1,1 kg of water 3,2 kg of carbon dioxide C x H y + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O However practically we have other byproducts.

5 Exhaust Emission of Diesel propelled Vehicle Sulphur Oxides ( SO X ) from the sulphur in diesel. Particulate Matter ( PM ) Carbon Monoxide ( CO ) Hydrocarbons ( Vaporised Fuel ) Soot and Smoke ( Hydrocarbons in a different form ) Nitrous Oxides ( NO X ) are produced when Nitrogen and Oxygen from the air react at high temperature in the combustion chamber.

6 Sulphur Content Sulphur content is a measure in Parts Per Million (ppm) and in milligram of sulphur/kg of diesel ppm means 2500 milligram of sulphur in 1 kilogram of diesel. 50 ppm means 50 milligram of sulphur in 1 kilogram of diesel.

7 Presence of Sulphur Sulphur is naturally present in diesel and is reduced by the process of hydrosulphurisation.

8 European Standard on Sulphur Content Content of Sulphur (PPM) Milligram in 1 kg of diesel Gram in 1 kg of diesel % in 1 kg of diesel Euro ,5 2,5 Euro ,5 0,5 Euro ,35 0,35 Euro ,05 0,05 Euro ,01 0,01 Euro 6 very low sulphur content for light commercial vehicles.

9 INDIAN DIESEL SPECIFICATION S. No Characteristic BSII BSIII BSIV 1 Density Kg/m C Sulphur Content mg/kg max (a) Cetane Number minimum and / or (b) Cetane Index or 46 and 46 and 46 4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Distillation (a) Reco. Min. At C (b) Reco. Min. At C (c) 95%Vol Reco at 0 o C max

10 Cetane number Cetane number refers to the combustion quality of diesel fuel. It represents the time delay between the start of the injection process and the point where the fuel ignites.

11 Minimum Cetane Number Requirements Diesel fuel should have a minimum Cetane number of: 40 for direct injection diesel engines. 35 for indirect injection diesel engines.

12 Cetane Number 50 ppm sulphur diesel fuel has a cetane number above 50. High cetane fuel are faster burning fuels. Practically no unburnt fuel. Reduction in black smoke emission.

13 Aromatic Content Reducing Sulphur content to 50 ppm can result the absence of aromatic content in diesel thus reducing the lubricity of diesel. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon is added to ensure good lubricity.

14 Adverse Effects of 2500/500 PPM Sulphur

15 Adverse Effects of 2500/500 PPM Sulphur High sulphur content produces significant amount of Sulphur Dioxide resulting in Sulphurous and Sulphuric Acids The presence of the sulphuric acids cause:- Contamination of crankcase oil / lubricating oil Corrosion of engine components / parts Catalytic converter is damaged and is unable to neutralise pollutants ( CO, NOx & Unburnt Fuel )

16 Adverse Effects of 2500/500 PPM Sulphur SO X contribute to the high emission of particulate matter. Decreases the cetane number resulting in incomplete combustion and the formation of soot. Injector tips are obstructed with the formation of soot. Injection spray pattern is altered resulting in incomplete combustion. Significant reduction in the lifetime of the engine. Increases maintenance costs due to frequent replacement of engine oil and servicing parts.

17 Dirty/Clean Injector

18 Spray Pattern

19 Fuel Filter

20 Fuel Filter

21 Clogged Air Filter

22 Clogged Air Filter

23 Benefits of 50 PPM Sulphur

24 Black smoke from Diesel propelled vehicles

25 Black Smoke Emission

26 Benefits of 50 PPM Sulphur Insignificant formation of SOx /acidic compounds Decrease of particulate matter/black smoke Reduces output of Oxides of Nitrogen Increase cetane number result in complete/efficient combustion No unburned fuel CO is easily converted into CO 2 Engine lubricating oil less prone to acidification.

27 Benefits of 50 PPM Sulphur Reduces engine component corrosion Increase of lifespan of catalytic converter Engine less noisy Engine develops more power Increase of lifetime of the engine Increase in fuel economy Reduces maintenance cost due to insignificant contamination of engine oil and service interval can be increased Becomes an eco friendly fuel

28 Results of Emission Test

29 Opacity Value with 500/50 PPM Sulphur Diesel Test No. 1 Vehicle make / model : Nissan Navara Registration No.:- 125 RM 10 Odometer reading: 10,004 km 500 PPM Sulphur 50 PPM Sulphur Before Servicing After Servicing After Servicing Opacity (%) 62,6 40,6 22,2

30 Opacity Value with 50 PPM Sulphur Diesel Test No. 2 Vehicle make / model : Toyota Hiace Registration No.:- 169 RM 02 Odometer reading: 483, 769 km 50 PPM Sulphur Before Servicing After Servicing Opacity (%) 10, 6 6, 9

31 Emission Control Device & Additional Benefits

32 Smoke Emission Smoke Emission depends on 3 main factors:- Quality/Characteristics of the fuel/diesel The status of the Engine The availability of appropriate catalytic converter which is in good working condition.

33 Soot / Particulate Matter Soot Soot refers impure carbon particles resulting from incomplete combustion of a Hydrocarbon. Particulate Matter Particles matter are fine particulates with diameter of 10 microns or less (aerosols; ash; sulphates; silicates). Formation of sulphate laden particulate matter by the conversion of SO 2 into SO 3. Sulphur particulates can be very dangerous because they can cause cancer lung diseases and cardiopulmonary diseases when inhaled.

34 Catalytic Converters Catalytic converter work by converting the 3 main pollutants CO, NO X and HC into less harmful gasses:- Carbon Monoxide into Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides into Nitrogen and Oxygen Unburnt Hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water

35 Catalytic Converters Two types of Catalytic converter:- Two-way Three-way

36 Two-Way A two-way (or "oxidation") catalytic converter has two simultaneous tasks: Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 2CO + O 2 2CO 2 Oxidation of hydrocarbons (unburnt and partially burnt fuel) to carbon dioxide and water: C x H 2x+2 + [(3x+1)/2] O 2 xco 2 + (x+1) H 2 O (a combustion reaction) This type of catalytic converter is widely used on diesel engines to reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions

37 Three-Way A three-way catalytic converter has three simultaneous tasks: Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen: 2NO x xo 2 + N 2 Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 2CO + O 2 2CO 2 Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to carbon dioxide and water: C x H 2x+2 + [(3x+1)/2]O 2 xco 2 + (x+1)h 2 O.

38 Recommendation The MPI Mechanical Engineering Department and Mechanical and Production Engineering Department of the University of Mauritius are convinced that diesel with 50 PPM sulphur emits less pollutants ( black smoke) and the Road Traffic Regulation can be amended as follows: That all diesel propelled vehicle should be fitted with at least a EURO 4 standard engine and a three-way catalytic converter. Update max. limits of smoke opacity.

39 Conclusion Shifting from 500 PPM to 50 PPM brings tremendous advantages, less pollutants without any adverse effects to the diesel engine.

40 Acknowledgement Our gratitude and special thanks to Miss Tatiana Elizabeth Marie Marie- Jeanne, Mechanical Engineer at Wastewater Management Authority for her participation in this project.

41 Thank you for your attention