Woodpecker Tail Feathers

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1 Woodpecker Tail Feathers See Tiffany Lee

2 What makes them special? The woodpecker requires a lot of force to bore a hole through the bark and wood of a tree. When pecking, they place their tail against the tree to brace themselves. The tail feathers of a woodpecker are especially stiff so that they can act as a brace. See images/bim_040302_00356f_l.jpg

3 Woodpecker Tail Feathers See AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Hairy_Woodpecker.html When the woodpecker braces itself to chisel a hole, the tail feathers bend and spread, supporting the bird against the rough tree surface. In this way feet and tail form an effective tripod to stabilize the blows of hammering into wood.

4 Feathers in General Feathers are one of the most prominent features of a bird's anatomy and they are unique to birds Feathers perform a number of functions for a bird: Firstly, they provide insulation, (body temperature of most birds is maintained at around 40C). Feathers allow for flight.

5 Feather Structure Feathers have a basic form of a central supporting shaft called a 'rachis' and a number of fine side branches (barbs and barbules). The base of the feather is called the quill, used by blood veins to carry nutrients to the feather

6 Types of Feathers Down feathers - These are smaller and lack the barbules zipped together and do not look so neat soft and fluffy, providing most of the insulation

7 Types of Feathers Contour feathers- These give the bird its shape and color tail feathers called retrices flight feathers, called remiges Feathers are made of keratin, a protein which also makes up horn and hair in animals and beaks in birds.

8 Rachis Cross-Section The cross-section of the rachis has a thin, solid shell surrounding a foam-like core

9 Rachis Cross-Section The bending stiffness of the rachis depends on: The stiffness of the material it is made from (keratin) The cross-sectional geometry. The bending stiffness of woodpecker tail feathers is especially high, as a result of their cross-sectional geometry. It is this feature that makes them good for bracing the wood pecker against the forces of pecking.

10 Moment of Inertia Bending stiffness depends on the moment of inertia of the cross section The moment of inertia is increased by placing material far away from the center of the rachis A hollow tube with a large radius and thin wall has a high moment of inertia but can buckle (think of how a drinking straw kinks when bent) The foam-like core in the rachis allows it to have a thin outer wall without buckling or kinking.

11 Moment of Inertia Data We have taken microscope images of the cross sections of tail feathers and body feathers from different species of woodpeckers From the images we have measured the moment of inertia of each cross section

12 Moment of Inertia Data Hairy Woodpecker Body Feather Tail Feather

13 Moment of Inertia Data Lewis Woodpecker Body Feather Tail Feather

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