Nayla Moussa

Transcription

1 Spring semester 2013/2014 Collège universitaire The Military and the State in the Middle East Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives Nayla Moussa Syllabus The army is a crucial institution within the state. Charles Tilly highlights the link between war making and state making in the Western European context. According to Tilly, engaging in wars led monarchs to create armies and eventually to exercise a monopoly over the use of violence, a key element of the state-building process. Outside this region, things evolved in a different way, especially in countries that were the result of decolonization. In such countries, the army was an external element that did not result from the development of society but was rather created by the colonial powers. Despite this reality, armies have played a very important role in developing countries, where they are often perceived as the most reliable institutions and as an element of stability and development. In this class, we will analyze the role of military institutions in the Middle East by combining theoretical and empirical perspectives. On the theoretical level, different aspects will be addressed: specificities of the military institution, civil-military relations, decision-making process on security issues, monopoly over the use of legitimate force, interactions between different state (and non-state) actors, states reactions to new forms of threats, etc. To illustrate these issues, different examples will be analyzed in depth, from the most emblematic ones (Algeria, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, Iraq) to less studied cases (Lebanon, Gulf countries). We will use comparisons with Asian and Latin American countries to show their differences and similarities with Middle Eastern countries. This class offers an original approach to Middle Eastern states through the study of the role of military institutions. 23/01/ First session: Introduction - Students and professor s presentation - Brief introduction to the course - Explanation of work methods and modes of validation - Distribution of work

2 30/01/ Second session: The role of the military institution Oral presentation: historical and theoretical analysis of the role of the military and the specificities of the military in the Middle East Recommended readings: Tilly, Charles, War Making and State Making as Organized Crime in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (ed), Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp Part I: The military in Politics 06/02/ Third session: Civil-Military relations Oral presentation: Comparative analysis of different types of civil-military relations in the Middle East Recommended readings: Kamrava, Mehran, Military Professionalization and Civil- Military Relations in the Middle East, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 115, No. 1 (Spring, 2000), pp /02/ Fourth session: The army as a political actor Oral presentation: The political role of the army in Egypt and Algeria Recommended readings: Cook, Steven A., Ruling, but not governing: the military and political development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey, Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007 (Chapter 1: Ruling, But Not Governing: A Logic of Regime Stability ) 20/02/ Fifth session: Democracy and military coups Oral presentation: Coups d Etat: the Turkish democracy at stake Recommended readings: Sakallioglu, Umit Cizre, The Anatomy of the Turkish Military's Political Autonomy, Comparative Politics, Jan 1997, Vol. 29, Issue 2, pp /03/ Sixth session: The army as a tool to preserve the regime Oral presentation: The role of the army in Syria and in Iraq (under Saddam Hussein) Recommended readings: Van Dam, Nikolaos, The Struggle for power in Syria. Politics and Society under Asad and the Ba th party, London: Tauris, 1996 (Chapter 1: The Rise of Minorities in the Syrian Armed Forces and in the Ba th Party)

3 Part II: Military institutions, Nation-building and State building 13/03/ Seventh session: Military institutions and plural societies Oral presentation: Comparative study between Lebanon and Iraq Recommended readings: Koekenbier, Pieter, Multiethnic Armies. Lebanese Lessons and Iraqi Implications, June 2005, Middle East Series, 05/31 20/03/ Eighth session: War making and state making in the Gulf Oral presentation: Building the army, building the state? The case of the United Arab Emirates Recommended readings: RUGH, William A., Diplomacy and Defense policy of the UAE, Emirates lecture series, 38, Abu Dhabi: The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, 2002 Part III: The regional environment 27/03/ Ninth session: Military balance in the Middle East Oral presentation: The Arab armies and the Arab-Israeli conflict Recommended readings: Cordesman, Anthony, Military Balance in the Middle East, Westport, Praeger, 2004 (Chapter 2: The Changing Face of the Middle East Military Balance ) 03/04/ Tenth session: Security in the Gulf region Oral presentation: Facing the Iranian threat, defense strategies in the Gulf region Recommended readings: GAUSE, F. Gregory III, Oil Monarchies : Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab States, New York : Council On Foreign Relations Book, 1994 (Chapter 5: Foreign and Defense Policies ) 10/04/ Eleventh session: Facing new threats. Oral presentation: The new missions of the armies in the Middle East Recommended readings: Sayegh, Yezid, Fixing Broken Windows : Security Sector Reform in Palestine, Lebanon, and Yemen, Carnegie Papers, N 17, October 2009

4 17/04/ Twelfth session: Conclusion Final exam General conclusion Modes of Validation 40% a 20-minutes oral presentation (to be presented in pairs): presenters must provide hard copies of a detailed presentation outline with a bibliography. 30% final exam during the last session 20% press review presented in pairs (15 min) 10% in-class participation: only relevant participation is counted Selective bibliography AYUBI, Nazih, Over-Stating the Arab State : Politics and Society in the Middle East, London : Tauris, 1995 BARAK, Oren, The Lebanese army : a national institution in a divided society, Albany: State University of New York Press, cop COOK, Steven A., Ruling, but not governing: the military and political development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey, Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007 CORDESMAN, Anthony H., Al-RODHAN, Khalid R., Gulf military forces in an era of asymmetric wars, Westport, Conn.: London : Praeger Security International ; Washington, D.C. : [published in cooperation with the] Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2007 CORDESMAN, Anthony, Military Balance in the Middle East, Westport, Praeger, 2004 FINER, Samuel E., The man on horseback : the role of the military in politics, Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press ; London, England : F. Pinter, 1988 GAUSE, F. Gregory III, Oil Monarchies : Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab States, New York : Council On Foreign Relations Book, 1994 GERVAIS, Victor, Shielding the state: UAE military efforts to counter Iran s disruptive options in the Gulf, Paris papers, IRSEM, 2012, N 7 GUAZZONE, Laura, PIOPPI, Daniela, The Arab State and Neo-liberal Globalization, the Restructuring of State Power in the Middle East, Reading, Ithaca Press, 2009 HUNTINGTON, Samuel, The Soldier and the State: the Theory and Politics of Civilmilitary Relations, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1957 JANOWITZ, Morris, Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1977 KAMRAVA, Mehran, Military Professionalization and Civil-Military Relations in the Middle East, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 115, No. 1 (Spring, 2000), pp KOEKENBIER, Pieter, Multiethnic Armies. Lebanese Lessons and Iraqi Implications, June 2005, Middle East Series, 05/31 PERLMUTTER, Amos, Political Roles and Military Rulers, London, F. Cass, 1981 RUGH, William A., Diplomacy and Defense policy of the UAE, Emirates lecture series, 38, Abu Dhabi : The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, 2002

5 SAKALLIOGLU, Umit Cizre, The Anatomy of the Turkish Military's Political Autonomy, Comparative Politics, Jan 1997, Vol. 29, Issue 2, pp SAYEGH, Yezid, Fixing Broken Windows : Security Sector Reform in Palestine, Lebanon, and Yemen, Carnegie Papers, N 17, October 2009 SAYEGH, Yezid, Above the State. The Officer s Republic in Egypt, The Carnegie Papers, August 2012 SCHLUMBERGER, Oliver, Arab authoritarianism : dynamics and durability in nondemocratic regimes, Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, c2007 TILLY, Charles, War Making and State Making as Organized Crime in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (ed), Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp VAN DAM, Nikolaos, The Struggle for power in Syria. Politics and Society under Asad and the Ba th party, London: Tauris, 1996