Research Methods to Assess Claims. Scientific Attitudes
|
|
- Stephany Briggs
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 1 Scientific Attitudes Science as a process for investigating claims Hypothesis o Description o Examples Operational Definitions o Description o Examples o Not all concepts can be operationalized Empirical Evidence o Description o Examples Testability o Description o Examples Falsifiability o Description o Examples o Examples beliefs can influence perception of falsifiability Problems With Casually Testing Beliefs Examples where beliefs influence what you see and don t see Why do we need a scientific method when the outcome seems obvious? Problems with Casually Testing Beliefs 1. We tend to look for information that confirms our beliefs 2. We use different standards for evaluating behavior 3. We minimize inconsistent information Applying your knowledge broadly what other beliefs can be understood because people casually test beliefs How does science minimize the problems with casually testing beliefs? Why is learning about the problems with casually testing beliefs important? Research Methods to Assess Claims Experimental Methods o Independent variables o Dependent variables o Random assignment o Experimental group(s) o Control group o Difficulties in conducting experiments o Examples of Experiments Descriptive Methods o Naturalistic Observations Description Examples o Case Studies Description Examples o Surveys Description Examples Problems when conducting surveys o Correlations Description Examples Correlations What does a correlation represent? The correlation coefficient o Ranges from -1 to +1 sign magnitude Limits of Correlations o Correlations do not suggest a causal relationship o If there is a causal relationship, correlations do not suggest a direction of the causal relation Why is learning about correlations and the limits of correlation important?
2 LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 2 Research Methods to Collect Empirical Data There are many research questions in science. How you phrase your research question will affect the method you use. Each method has its strength and weakness. The use of multiple research methods help compensate for each individual weakness. The research methods to collect empirical data discussed in your textbook are the following: Experimental methods: A method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating a factor (the independent variable) thought to produce change in a second factor (dependent variable). Key terms: Independent variable (IV) Dependent variable (DV) Random assignment Control group Experimental group Descriptive methods: Scientific procedures that involve systematically observing behavior in order to describe the relationship among behavior and events. naturalistic observation case studies surveys correlational studies
3 LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 3 Experiments: Examining Cause and Effect A method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-andeffect relationships by purposely manipulating a factor (the independent variable) through to produce change in a second factor (the dependent variable). There must be at least two groups (an experimental and control group to compare).
4 LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 4 Difficulties in Conducting Experiments Like with many research methods, there are other factors affecting people s behavior than the ones you take into account. Some common problems that social scientists have to take into account are the following. Pre-existing differences: To reduce the effect of preexisting differences between groups, researchers randomly assign participants to the control or experimental group so that individual differences are not likely to be a factor in any differences in the outcome (the dependent variable). Demand characteristics: Cues that participants pick up about the hypothesis of a study or about how they are to behave. Participants belief about the study will unconsciously change their behavior to match that of the hypothesis. o For example, if participants are told to drink alcoholic drinks that don t smell or taste like alcoholic drinks will rate their behavior differently (eg. less inhibited) Expectancy effects: The subtle and unintentional ways researchers influence their participants to respond in a manner that is consistent with the researcher s hypothesis. o For example, researchers might be more empathic to participants who receive a drug that is suppose to help them. Double-blind studies are used to reduce the expectancy effects.
5 Experimental Methods LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 5 A method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-andeffect relationships by purposely manipulating a factor (the independent variable) through to produce change in a second factor (the dependent variable). There must be at least two groups (an experimental and control group to compare). Examples of Experiments: Does watching violent television lead to more aggressive behavior? Two groups randomly assigned: one group watches 24 (violent TV) and the other watches Sesame Street (nonviolent TV); compare the probability of violent behavior by members of the two groups o IV = type of television program o DV = violent behavior Does oat bran reduce cholesterol levels? o IV = presence or amount of oat bran o DV = cholesterol levels Does taking vitamin C reduce the number of colds? o IV = o DV = Which of two new anti-depressants is more effective in treating major depression? Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills. A pizza parlor wants to know if changing the number of toppings increases sales.
6 LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 6 A Social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative. Strengths: Cause-and-effect relationships can be established. Precise control can be exerted over other, potentially confounding variables. Weaknesses: Results can be subject to several sources of bias (eg. experimenter effects or demand characteristics). Generalizability can be doubtful if behavior is observed under highly artificial conditions that may inhibit the natural behavior of subjects and may not generalize to the real-world. In some cases, experimentation may be unethical, such as with patients with brain damage.
7 LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 7 Descriptive Methods: Naturalistic observation The systematic observation and recording of behavior as it occurs in a natural setting.
8 LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 8 Examples of Naturalistic Observation Do people who know someone else is waiting for their parking spot take more time to leave than when no one else is waiting for their parking spot? How do people in elevators behave? How do teenagers behave at the mall? In fifth-grade classrooms, are boys or girls more likely to say answers aloud without raising their hands? To learn what changes take place through childhood, Jean Piaget observed the differences in his children s thinking (Chapter 9: Lifespan Development) Strengths: Behavior is observed in the setting where it normally occurs, compared to the experimental designs that occur in an artificial and controlled setting. It can provide the basis for hypotheses to be tested later. Weaknesses: Cannot be used to establish cause-and-effect relationships Often costly and difficult to perform. Researcher s expectations and beliefs can distort observations. The researcher needs to carefully separate their data from their interpretations of the data. The presence of the researcher may influence the behavior of the subjects being studied (see Hawthorn Effect).
9 LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 9 There is little or no control over the conditions of observation.
10 Descriptive Methods: Case Studies LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 10 A highly detailed description of an individual or small group of individuals or event. Case studies may be performed on a group of people who undergo extraordinary circumstances (such as victims of a bank hostage situation). Usually case studies are performed with extraordinary cases that cannot be studied by any ethical means (e.g. what are the effects of nuclear radiation on an unborn fetus, the effects of torture on obtaining information, or what are the effects when part of the frontal lobes are damaged).
11 Examples of Case Studies LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 11 Researchers prepare an intensive report of the childhood who became a murderer. The police have discovered a 6-year-old who has been kept in a room by herself since birth and not exposed to spoken language. Does the lack of early exposure to language result in an inability to learn language. Phineas Gage had a 3½-foot iron rod go through his skull. What were the effects on his behavior? H.M. had part of his hippocampus damaged. As a result, he could not form new explicit memories (such as meeting you), but he could form new procedural memories (such as how to type). Super-Size Me Strengths: Detailed information is gathered; individuals can be studied for a long period of time. Sources of information are from rare or unusual conditions or events such as serial killers, neglected children, or people with brain damage. Case studies can provide the basis for hypotheses to be tested later. Weaknesses: Objectivity of the research may be compromised. The case being studied may not be representative of the condition or event. Generalizability of the results is uncertain.
12 Descriptive Methods: Surveys LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 12 A questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group.
13 Examples of Surveys LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 13 How many hours per week do most people watch violent TV programs? How many hours of television do 8-year-olds in the United States watch per day? How is our customer service? How do you feel toward your President? What do you give your boyfriend/girlfriend for St. Valentine s Day? An Industrial/Organizational psychologist tests to see if wearing nametags make the employees happier with their work. A Personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties than introverted people. Strengths: A large amount of information can be acquired quickly. Accurately predictions of large-scale trends can sometimes be made. Weaknesses: Generalizability may be questionable unless persons surveyed are a representative sample of a larger population. Many call-in or magazine surveys do not have a representative population. Most are selfselected and represent a small slice of the population. Responses provided may be inaccurate due to a person s lack of awareness of their own attitudes and biases.
14 LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 14 The characteristics of the interviewer may influence the response. Interpretation of the answers may be difficult, especially with a biased survey. Surveys lack the ability to explain.
15 Problems with Surveys LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 15 Ideally, survey questions are worded so as not to suggest a desired answer where interviewees will answer in a way that they think the interviewer or sponsoring organization wants to hear, thus making the survey flawed for scientific purposes, (but good for political purposes). Such surveys include questions that are intentionally worded in a biased manner. Examples of good questions: Which candidate do you plan to support? Do you think that increased parking fees would be a good idea or a bad idea? Examples of bad questions: Do you agree that our President is doing the right thing in Don t you think it s terrible the way our political enemies are doing the following Do you think a woman should have the ability to choose Do you think the life of a child is important If you receive a biased survey, you can safely assume that the organization is not actually interested in recording your opinion. Such requests are accompanied by requests, and they serve only as fund-raisers or political gain, not as surveys.
16 LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 16 Problems with Surveys: Unrepresentative Samples You cannot survey the entire population to find out what they think. You can take a smaller sample and have a 95% confidence that your sample is similar to the larger population as long as your sample is a representative sample of the population the sample resembles the larger population. Most call in internet, television and radio show participants have strong beliefs and choose to volunteer their opinions and thus do not resemble the larger population. Examples of non-representative samples: A senator is interested in whether his constituents favor the death penalty. His staff reports that letters about the death penalty have been received from 854 constituents and 654 favor it. A cookie manufacturing company wants to know what percentage of Denver residents make cookies from scratch. A sample of 1,000 residential addresses is chosen and interviewers call these households during regular working hours on weekdays. A newspaper is interested in finding out what proportion of drivers in the city wear seat belts. Some reporters go to a GM plant and record the number of employees who fasten their set belts when they leave work.
17 LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 17 Consequences of an Unrepresentative Sample
18 LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 18 Descriptive Methods: Correlational studies A research strategy measures two factors* and allows the precise calculation of how strong two factors* are related to one another. Unlike experiments, correlations do not manipulate one variable (the independent variable). *correlations can examine more than two factors, but for an introductory course, we will restrict our discussions to two variables.
19 Examples of Correlations LP 1D descriptive and exp methods 19 Is there an association between hours of watching violent TV programs and some measure of violent behavior? Do people exhibit more aggressive behavior when it is hot? Does the score on the pre-quiz predict your final grade in the course? Does the amount spanking effect the frequency of a child s disobedient behavior? Is there a relationship between the number of books in a family s home and the child s school grades? Behavioral and Industrial/Organizational psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder. Strengths: Large amount of information can be gathered quickly. The method can be used in field as well as laboratory settings. It can assess the strength of a relationship and provides the basis for other predictions. It can rule out some factors that are relevant for prediction and identify others for study. Weaknesses: Difficult to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
psychology the science of psychology CHAPTER third edition Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White
psychology third edition CHAPTER 1 the science of psychology Learning Objectives LO 1.1 Definition and Goals of Psychology LO 1.2 Structuralism and Functionalism LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and
More informationScientific Methods in Psychology
Scientific Methods in Psychology Why do research? To demonstrate that psychology is a science! Psychology would like to have the same academic standing as other sciences like biology, chemistry, astronomy,
More informationAP Psychology STUDY GUIDE: Introduction to Psychology
AP Psychology STUDY GUIDE: Introduction to Psychology Directions: Read selections carefully, select the answer that is best in each case. 1. To say that psychology is a science means that: A) psychologists
More informationHow do we know what we know?
Research Methods Family in the News Can you identify some main debates (controversies) for your topic? Do you think the authors positions in these debates (i.e., their values) affect their presentation
More informationTypes of Studies. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Types of Studies Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Important medical questions are typically studied more than once, often by different research teams in different locations. A systematic review is
More informationThe Mozart effect Methods of Scientific Research
The Mozart effect Methods of Scientific Research Chapter 2 Experimental Research: p42 49 http://www.mozarteffect.com/ http://www.amazon.com/mozart-sonata-pianos-schubert-fantasia/dp/b0000cf330 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqn2qjhlcm
More informationScientific Methods II: Correlational Research
Scientific Methods II: Correlational Research EXAMPLES "MARRIAGE SLOWS CANCER DEATHS Evidence that married people have a better chance of surviving cancer than do singles means that the unmarried might
More informationIntroduction to History & Research Methods of Psychology
Term Explanation Application/Example/Extension Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior Influences on Psychology Psychology started as only the study of mental processes, but
More informationChapter 1 Assignment Part 1
Chapter 1 Assignment Part 1 Careers in Psychology 1. Which of the following psychological professionals must always have a medical degree? a. psychologist b. psychiatric social worker c. psychiatrist d.
More information12/30/2012. Research Design. Quantitative Research: Types (Campbell & Stanley, 1963; Crowl, 1993)
Quantitative Prepared by: Amanda J. Rockinson-Szapkiw Liberty University A research design is a plan that guides the decision as to: when and how often to collect data what data to gather and from whom
More informationSelf-Check and Review Chapter 1 Sections 1.1-1.2
Self-Check and Review Chapter 1 Sections 1.1-1.2 Practice True/False 1. The entire collection of individuals or objects about which information is desired is called a sample. 2. A study is an observational
More informationProspective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies
Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies Patrick Breheny April 3 Patrick Breheny Introduction to Biostatistics (171:161) 1/17 Study designs that can be analyzed with χ 2 -tests One reason
More informationChapter 2 Psychology s Scientific Methods
Chapter 2 Psychology s Scientific Methods Learning Goals 1. Explain what makes psychology a science. 2. Discuss the three types of research that are used in psychology. 3. Distinguish between descriptive
More informationMind on Statistics. Chapter 4
Mind on Statistics Chapter 4 Sections 4.1 Questions 1 to 4: The table below shows the counts by gender and highest degree attained for 498 respondents in the General Social Survey. Highest Degree Gender
More informationChapter 1: The Nature of Probability and Statistics
Chapter 1: The Nature of Probability and Statistics Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of Chapter 1, you will have applicable knowledge of the following concepts: Statistics: An Overview and
More informationChapter 2. Sociological Investigation
Chapter 2 Sociological Investigation I. The Basics of Sociological Investigation. A. Sociological investigation begins with two key requirements: 1. Apply the sociological perspective. 2. Be curious and
More informationChapter 6. Examples (details given in class) Who is Measured: Units, Subjects, Participants. Research Studies to Detect Relationships
Announcements: Midterm Friday. Bring calculator and one sheet of notes. Can t use the calculator on your cell phone. Assigned seats, random ID check. Review Wed. Review sheet posted on website. Fri discussion
More informationLearning and Memory Adult Development. Lifespan Development Applied Psychology. Multi-Cultural Psychology Child Development
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 201 FALL 2010 Instructor: Eric Kim MWF: 9:00-9:50 / DTC 302 Office Hours: TuTh 12:00-12:50 (main campus) TuTh 1:00-2:20 / CEN 402 MWF 10:00-10:50 (Downtown Center) TuTh 3:00-4:20 / DTC
More informationIntroducing Social Psychology
Introducing Social Psychology Theories and Methods in Social Psychology 27 Feb 2012, Banu Cingöz Ulu What is social psychology? A field within psychology that strives to understand the social dynamics
More informationIn an experimental study there are two types of variables: Independent variable (I will abbreviate this as the IV)
1 Experimental Design Part I Richard S. Balkin, Ph. D, LPC-S, NCC 2 Overview Experimental design is the blueprint for quantitative research and serves as the foundation of what makes quantitative research
More informationOverview. Triplett (1898) Social Influence - 1. PSYCHOLOGY 305 / 305G Social Psychology. Research in Social Psychology 2005
PSYCHOLOGY 305 / 305G Social Psychology Research in Social Psychology 2005 Overview Triplett s study of social influence (1897-1898) Scientific Method Experimental Advantages & Disadvantages Non-experimental
More informationQuestion about the History of Psychology Who is considered to have been the Father of the study of Psychology?
EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY David Myers Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Chapter 1 Psychology s Roots Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Psychological Science is Born Wundt and psychology s first graduate
More informationIntroduction to industrial/organizational psychology
Introduction to industrial/organizational psychology Chapter 1 Industrial/Organizational Psychology: A branch of psychology that applies the principles of psychology to the workplace I/O psychologists
More informationMODULE - I Foundations of Psychology
Methods of 2 METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY In the last lesson we noted that the interpretation of a psychological phenomenon by a psychologist may differ from that of a novice. A psychologist follows a systematic
More informationThis chapter discusses some of the basic concepts in inferential statistics.
Research Skills for Psychology Majors: Everything You Need to Know to Get Started Inferential Statistics: Basic Concepts This chapter discusses some of the basic concepts in inferential statistics. Details
More informationSocial Survey Methods and Data Collection
Social Survey Social Survey Methods and Data Collection Zarina Ali June 2007 Concept of Survey & Social Survey A "survey" can be anything from a short paper- and-pencil feedback form to an intensive one-on
More informationWelcome back to EDFR 6700. I m Jeff Oescher, and I ll be discussing quantitative research design with you for the next several lessons.
Welcome back to EDFR 6700. I m Jeff Oescher, and I ll be discussing quantitative research design with you for the next several lessons. I ll follow the text somewhat loosely, discussing some chapters out
More informationAP Statistics Ch 4 Aim 9: Experimental Design: Multiple-Choice Questions
Page 1 of7 The following questions are from Barron's How to Prepare for the AP Statistics - 3 rd Edition. review book is extremely helpful and its purchase is strongly recommended. This There is a penalty
More informationSchizophrenia National Institute of Mental Health
Schizophrenia National Institute of Mental Health U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health Schizophrenia Do you know someone who seems like he or she has lost touch with
More informationCourse Descriptions Psychology
Course Descriptions Psychology PSYC 1520 (F/S) General Psychology. An introductory survey of the major areas of current psychology such as the scientific method, the biological bases for behavior, sensation
More informationACADEMIC DIRECTOR: Carla Marquez-Lewis Email Contact: THE PROGRAM Career and Advanced Study Prospects Program Requirements
Psychology (BA) ACADEMIC DIRECTOR: Carla Marquez-Lewis CUNY School of Professional Studies 101 West 31 st Street, 7 th Floor New York, NY 10001 Email Contact: Carla Marquez-Lewis, carla.marquez-lewis@cuny.edu
More informationSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Ch. 1 Introduction to Statistics 1.1 An Overview of Statistics 1 Distinguish Between a Population and a Sample Identify the population and the sample. survey of 1353 American households found that 18%
More information2. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION. Types of Data. Some examples from Wainer, Palmer and Bradlow (Chance):
2. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION Proper data collection is important. Even sophisticated statistical analyses can t compensate for data with bias, ambiguity or errors. Some examples from Wainer, Palmer and
More informationTHEME: Jesus knows all about us and He loves us.
Devotion NT224 CHILDREN S DEVOTIONS FOR THE WEEK OF: LESSON TITLE: The Woman at the Well THEME: Jesus knows all about us and He loves us. SCRIPTURE: John 4:1-42 Dear Parents Welcome to Bible Time for Kids!
More information1. Ethics in Psychological Research
Author: Dr. Kathy LaFontana Department of Psychology 1. Ethics in Psychological Research Question: Why study science in Psychology? Jennifer and Bethany have both recently declared Psychology as their
More informationGuided Reading 9 th Edition. informed consent, protection from harm, deception, confidentiality, and anonymity.
Guided Reading Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications 9th Edition EDFS 635: Educational Research Chapter 1: Introduction to Educational Research 1. List and briefly describe the
More informationObserving and describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way.
HOW TO CHOOSE FROM THE DIFFERENT RESEARCH METHODS* The design is the structure of any scientific work. It gives direction and systematizes the research. The method you choose will affect your results and
More informationRESEARCH METHODS IN I/O PSYCHOLOGY
RESEARCH METHODS IN I/O PSYCHOLOGY Objectives Understand Empirical Research Cycle Knowledge of Research Methods Conceptual Understanding of Basic Statistics PSYC 353 11A rsch methods 01/17/11 [Arthur]
More informationWhich Design Is Best?
Which Design Is Best? Which Design Is Best? In Investigation 2-8: Which Design Is Best? students will become more familiar with the four basic epidemiologic study designs, learn to identify several strengths
More informationChapter 1 Introduction to Correlation
Chapter 1 Introduction to Correlation Suppose that you woke up one morning and discovered that you had been given the gift of being able to predict the future. Suddenly, you found yourself able to predict,
More informationMind on Statistics. Chapter 12
Mind on Statistics Chapter 12 Sections 12.1 Questions 1 to 6: For each statement, determine if the statement is a typical null hypothesis (H 0 ) or alternative hypothesis (H a ). 1. There is no difference
More informationExperimental methods. Elisabeth Ahlsén Linguistic Methods Course
Experimental methods Elisabeth Ahlsén Linguistic Methods Course Experiment Method for empirical investigation of question or hypothesis 2 types a) Lab experiment b) Naturalistic experiment Question ->
More informationHOW TO DO A SCIENCE PROJECT Step-by-Step Suggestions and Help for Elementary Students, Teachers, and Parents Brevard Public Schools
HOW TO DO A SCIENCE PROJECT Step-by-Step Suggestions and Help for Elementary Students, Teachers, and Parents Brevard Public Schools 1. Get an Idea for Your Project Find an area that interests you. You
More informationHOW TO PREPARE FOR YOUR PARENT INTERVIEW By The Testing Mom
HOW TO PREPARE FOR YOUR PARENT INTERVIEW By The Testing Mom If you are applying to a private kindergarten, the parent interview is just one of the hoops you ll be jumping through. Many gifted programs,
More informationResearch Methods & Experimental Design
Research Methods & Experimental Design 16.422 Human Supervisory Control April 2004 Research Methods Qualitative vs. quantitative Understanding the relationship between objectives (research question) and
More informationSurvey Research. Classifying surveys on the basis of their scope and their focus gives four categories:
Survey Research Types of Surveys Surveys are classified according to their focus and scope (census and sample surveys) or according to the time frame for data collection (longitudinal and cross-sectional
More informationIQ Testing: A critique for parents of children with developmental disabilities
IQ Testing: A critique for parents of children with developmental disabilities by Bruce Uditsky Part one of a three-part critique One of the most common assessments parents are told they need in order
More informationClassroom Management Plan for the Resource Room, Grades 4 and 5. Student materials (binders, lesson books, pencils) available in crates as they enter
Classroom Management Plan for the Resource Room, Grades 4 and 5 A. Physical Arrangement Student materials (binders, lesson books, pencils) available in crates as they enter Puzzles, educational games,
More informationSurvey Research: Designing an Instrument. Ann Skinner, MSW Johns Hopkins University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this
More informationUsing Proxy Measures of the Survey Variables in Post-Survey Adjustments in a Transportation Survey
Using Proxy Measures of the Survey Variables in Post-Survey Adjustments in a Transportation Survey Ting Yan 1, Trivellore Raghunathan 2 1 NORC, 1155 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL, 60634 2 Institute for
More informationChapter 1 The Nature and Scope of Organizational Behavior
Chapter 1 The Nature and Scope of Organizational Behavior The purpose of this chapter is to provide a look into what organizational means, and what it involves or (or its nature). The chapter begins with
More informationNON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES PRESENTED BY Name: WINNIE MUGERA Reg No: L50/62004/2013 RESEARCH METHODS LDP 603 UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI Date: APRIL 2013 SAMPLING Sampling is the use of a subset of the
More informationEvaluation: Designs and Approaches
Evaluation: Designs and Approaches Publication Year: 2004 The choice of a design for an outcome evaluation is often influenced by the need to compromise between cost and certainty. Generally, the more
More informationEpilepsy and Neuropsychology Dr. Sare Akdag, RPsych
Epilepsy and Neuropsychology Dr. Sare Akdag, RPsych Most people living with epilepsy do not experience serious problems with their thinking. However, there are aspects of thinking that can be affected
More informationAvoiding Bias in the Research Interview
Avoiding Bias in the Research Interview Sonja I. Ziniel, MA Ph.D. Clinical Research Program, Children s Hospital Boston Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School sonja.ziniel@childrens.harvard.edu
More informationNORTHERN VIRGINIA COMMUNITY COLLEGE PSYCHOLOGY 211 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Dr. Rosalyn M.
NORTHERN VIRGINIA COMMUNITY COLLEGE PSYCHOLOGY 211 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Dr. Rosalyn M. King, Professor DETAILED TOPICAL OVERVIEW AND WORKING SYLLABUS CLASS 1: INTRODUCTIONS
More informationQuantitative Research: Reliability and Validity
Quantitative Research: Reliability and Validity Reliability Definition: Reliability is the consistency of your measurement, or the degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used
More informationAdvanced Placement Psychology Syllabus Rolesville High School, 2015-16
Instructor Information Julie P. Telenko Email: jtelenko@wcpss.net Website: rhsjtelenko.weebly.com Twitter: @jtelenkorhs Advanced Placement Psychology Syllabus Rolesville High School, 2015-16 Student and
More informationDESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS Sole Purpose: to describe a behavior or type of subject not to look for any specific relationships, nor to correlate 2 or more variables Disadvantages since setting is completely
More informationClinical Study Design and Methods Terminology
Home College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University WSU Faculty &Staff Page Page 1 of 5 John Gay, DVM PhD DACVPM AAHP FDIU VCS Clinical Epidemiology & Evidence-Based Medicine Glossary: Clinical
More informationIntroduction to Marketing
Introduction to Marketing Theocharis Katranis Spring Semester 2013 1 Today s Lecture 1. We will explain the importance of information in gaining insights about the marketplace and customers. 2. We will
More informationRhetorical Grammar for Expository Reading and Writing
Rhetorical Grammar for Expository Reading and Writing Developed by Roberta Ching STUDENT VERSION MODULE 8: JUVENILE JUSTICE Strengthening Verbs and Using Adverbial Clauses Activity 1 Guided Composition
More informationPsy 135 Cognitive Psychology. Lecture: Research Methods Gabriela Seropian August 28, 2013
Psy 135 Cognitive Psychology Lecture: Research Methods Gabriela Seropian August 28, 2013 A little bit about me A.A. Psychology from Las Positas, 2008. B.A. Psychology with a minor in Mathematics from San
More informationDescriptive Methods Ch. 6 and 7
Descriptive Methods Ch. 6 and 7 Purpose of Descriptive Research Purely descriptive research describes the characteristics or behaviors of a given population in a systematic and accurate fashion. Correlational
More informationConducting an empirical analysis of economic data can be rewarding and
CHAPTER 10 Conducting a Regression Study Using Economic Data Conducting an empirical analysis of economic data can be rewarding and informative. If you follow some basic guidelines, it is possible to use
More informationTesting Hypotheses About Proportions
Chapter 11 Testing Hypotheses About Proportions Hypothesis testing method: uses data from a sample to judge whether or not a statement about a population may be true. Steps in Any Hypothesis Test 1. Determine
More informationPsych 204: Research Methods in Psychology
Psych 204: Research Methods in Psychology Spring 2003 Professor: Nancy Darling, Ph.D. Office: 108 Preston Hall e-mail: darling@bard.edu Home phone: 876-3583 Please don't call before 8:00AM or after 11:00PM.
More informationReality in the Eyes of Descartes and Berkeley. By: Nada Shokry 5/21/2013 AUC - Philosophy
Reality in the Eyes of Descartes and Berkeley By: Nada Shokry 5/21/2013 AUC - Philosophy Shokry, 2 One person's craziness is another person's reality. Tim Burton This quote best describes what one finds
More informationObtaining Knowledge. Lecture 7 Methods of Scientific Observation and Analysis in Behavioral Psychology and Neuropsychology.
Lecture 7 Methods of Scientific Observation and Analysis in Behavioral Psychology and Neuropsychology 1.Obtaining Knowledge 1. Correlation 2. Causation 2.Hypothesis Generation & Measures 3.Looking into
More informationComprehensive Reading Assessment Grades K-1
Comprehensive Reading Assessment Grades K-1 User Information Name: Doe, John Date of Birth: Jan 01, 1995 Current Grade in School: 3rd Grade in School at Evaluation: 1st Evaluation Date: May 17, 2006 Background
More informationI C C R. Gain Attention/Interest: www.circ.cornell.edu. Is ESP (Extra Sensory Perception) For Real? (I Knew You Were Going to Ask That!
Is ESP (Extra Sensory Perception) For Real? (I Knew You Were Going to Ask That!) C R I C Source: Bem, D. J., & Honorton, C. (1994). Does PSI exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information
More informationHoover City Schools Secondary Curriculum Social Studies, 2005-06
Course Information: HCS Curriculum: Social Studies 6 12 Hoover City Schools Secondary Curriculum Social Studies, 2005-06 Course Title: Psychology, IB Grade Level: 11-12 Course Description: This course
More informationExploratory Research Design. Primary vs. Secondary data. Advantages and uses of SD
Exploratory Research Design Secondary Data Qualitative Research Survey & Observation Experiments Företagsakademin, Henriksgatan 7 FIN-20500 Åbo Primary vs. Secondary data Primary data: originated by the
More informationChapter 8 Hypothesis Testing Chapter 8 Hypothesis Testing 8-1 Overview 8-2 Basics of Hypothesis Testing
Chapter 8 Hypothesis Testing 1 Chapter 8 Hypothesis Testing 8-1 Overview 8-2 Basics of Hypothesis Testing 8-3 Testing a Claim About a Proportion 8-5 Testing a Claim About a Mean: s Not Known 8-6 Testing
More informationModule 223 Major A: Concepts, methods and design in Epidemiology
Module 223 Major A: Concepts, methods and design in Epidemiology Module : 223 UE coordinator Concepts, methods and design in Epidemiology Dates December 15 th to 19 th, 2014 Credits/ECTS UE description
More informationChapter 7 Conducting Interviews and Investigations
Chapter 7 Conducting Interviews and Investigations Chapter Outline 1. Introduction 2. Planning the Interview 3. Interviewing Skills 4. Interviewing Clients 5. Interviewing Witnesses 6. Planning and Conducting
More informationThomas Kuhn and The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Thomas Kuhn and The Structure of Scientific Revolutions The implications of the story so far is that science makes steady progress That the process of science cycles round and round from Induction to Deduction...
More informationWhat Is the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program?
Dear Parent/Guardians, Your child s school will be using the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. This research-based program reduces bullying in schools. It also helps to make school a safer, more positive
More informationBefore and After Studies in Injury Research
Before and After Studies in Injury Research Thomas Songer, PhD University of Pittsburgh tjs@pitt.edu Before and After study designs are used very frequently in injury research. This lecture introduces
More informationChapter 1 An Introduction to Chemistry
1 Chapter 1 An Introduction to Chemistry 1.1 What Is Chemistry, and What Can Chemistry Do for You? Special Topic 1.1: Green Chemistry 1.2 Suggestions for Studying Chemistry 1.3 The Scientific Method 1.4
More informationTreatment of Rape-related PTSD in the Netherlands: Short intensive cognitivebehavioral
Treatment of Rape-related PTSD in the Netherlands: Short intensive cognitivebehavioral programs Agnes van Minnen October 2009 University of Nijmegen Clinic of Anxiety Disorders Acknowledgements: We kindly
More informationAN OPINION COMPOSITION
1 AN OPINION COMPOSITION When you are writing an essay that asks you to discuss a topic or give your opinion on a question, it is important to organize your thoughts and present your arguments clearly
More informationResearch Design. Recap. Problem Formulation and Approach. Step 3: Specify the Research Design
Recap Step 1: Identify and define the Problem or Opportunity Step 2: Define the Marketing Problem Management Problem Focus on symptoms Action oriented Marketing Problems Focus on causes Data oriented Problem
More informationChapter 9 Assessing Studies Based on Multiple Regression
Chapter 9 Assessing Studies Based on Multiple Regression Solutions to Empirical Exercises 1. Age 0.439** (0.030) Age 2 Data from 2004 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Dependent Variable AHE ln(ahe) ln(ahe)
More informationConducted for the Interactive Advertising Bureau. May 2010. Conducted by: Paul J. Lavrakas, Ph.D.
An Evaluation of Methods Used to Assess the Effectiveness of Advertising on the Internet Conducted for the Interactive Advertising Bureau May 2010 Conducted by: Paul J. Lavrakas, Ph.D. 1 Table of Contents
More informationHelping Individuals Succeed. Examinee Handbook
Helping Individuals Succeed Examinee Handbook The TOEIC Service International does not operate, license, endorse, or recommend any schools or study materials that claim to prepare people for the TOEIC
More informationInclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Inclusion criteria = attributes of subjects that are essential for their selection to participate. Inclusion criteria function remove the influence of specific confounding
More informationPresenting survey results Report writing
Presenting survey results Report writing Introduction Report writing is one of the most important components in the survey research cycle. Survey findings need to be presented in a way that is readable
More informationAP PSYCHOLOGY SUMMER READING ASSIGNMENT 2006-2007
WHAT YOU EXPECT IS WHAT YOU GET Rosenthal, R., SL Jacobson, L. (1966). Teachers' expectancies: Determinates of pupils' IQ gains. Psychological Reports, 19, 115-118. We are all familiar with the idea of
More informationSection 1: What is Sociology and How Can I Use It?
Section 1: What is Sociology and How Can I Use It? CHAPTER 1.1: WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? If you are going to apply sociology, you first need to know what sociology is! In this section, we will introduce you
More informationJHSPH HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH ETHICS FIELD TRAINING GUIDE
JHSPH HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH ETHICS FIELD TRAINING GUIDE This guide is intended to be used as a tool for training individuals who will be engaged in some aspect of a human subject research interaction
More informationWhat qualities are employers looking for in teen workers? How can you prove your own skills?
Sell Yourself 4 Finding a job The BIG Idea What qualities are employers looking for in teen workers? How can you prove your own skills? AGENDA Approx. 45 minutes I. Warm Up: Employer Survey Review (15
More informationSelecting Research Participants
C H A P T E R 6 Selecting Research Participants OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, students should be able to Define the term sampling frame Describe the difference between random sampling and random
More informationAddiction Treatment and Recovery in Ghana An Interview with Eugene Dordoye, M.D. William L. White
White, W. (2012). Addiction treatment and recovery in Ghana: An Interview with Eugene Dordoye, M.D. Posted at www.facesandvoicesofrecovery.org and www.williamwhitepapers.com. Introduction Addiction Treatment
More informationThinking, Doing, Talking Science
Thinking, Doing, Talking Science Can we use our skills to train teachers in a way that has measurable impact? bridget.holligan@scienceoxford.com Oxford Brookes University research with 16 primary schools
More informationHosting Motivation and Satisfaction Study:
Hosting Motivation and Satisfaction Study: Feedback from 2006-07 Long-Term Exchange Students, Host Families, and Host School Conducted by surveying a random selection of participants from exchange programs
More information