Seven Basic Principles Preserving Liberty THE TEXAS CONSTITUTION

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1 Popular Sovereignty Republicanism Ultimate power and final authority rest with the people. The people do not govern themselves directly, but instead, through elections they choose those who govern them. The Preamble to the Texas Constitution states: Humbly invoking the Blessings of Almighty God, the people of the state of Texas, do ordain and establish this Constitution. Article I, Section 2, says that all political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit. Article I, Section 2, provides that the faith of the people of Texas stands pledged to the preservation of a republican form of government, and, subject to this limitation only, they have at all times the inalienable right to alter, reform or abolish their government in such manner as they may think expedient. Article III, Sections 3 and 4, provide respectively that the Senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors for the term of four years and that the members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen by the qualified electors for the term of two years. Article IV, Section 1, provides that the Executive Department of the State shall consist of a Governor, who shall be the Chief Executive of the state, a Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Commissioner of the General Land Office, and Attorney General, and Section 2 provides that all the above officers of the Executive Department (except Secretary of State) shall be elected by the qualified voters of the state at the time and places of election for members of the Legislature. Article V, Sections 2 and 4, establish a Supreme Court and a Court of Criminal Appeals and provide that the Justices and Judges of both courts will be elected by the qualified voters of the state.

2 Federalism Separation of Powers Texas is a state within the federal system of government of the United States where power is divided between the national government and the governments of the individual states. The U.S,. Constitution lists the powers of the national government as well as certain powers denied to the states, and its Tenth Amendment provides that powers not delegated to the national government and not denied to the states are reserved to the states or to the people. Power within the state s government is divided among three separate branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. Article I, Section 1 states that Texas is a free and independent state, subject only to the Constitution of the United States, and the maintenance of our free institutions and the perpetuity of the Union depend upon the preservation of the right of local selfgovernment, unimpaired to all the states. Article XVI, Section 12, provides that no member of Congress, nor person holding or exercising any office of profit or trust, under the United States, or either of them, or under any foreign power, shall be eligible as a member of the Legislature, or hold or exercise any office of profit or trust under this State. Various articles discuss at length such subjects as education, railroads, and local government units such as counties, municipalities, and soil and water conservation districts. The U. S. Constitution contains no mention whatsoever of any of these matters, thus indicating that in our federal system they are subjects largely left to the jurisdiction of the individual states. Unlike the U. S. Constitution which does not specifically call for separation of powers within the national government, Article II, Section 1, of the Texas Constitution specifically provides that the powers of the Government of the State of Texas shall be divided into three distinct departments, each of which shall be confided to a separate body of magistracy, to wit: those which are Legislative to one; those which are Executive to another, and those which are Judicial to another; and no person, or collection of persons, being of one of these departments, shall exercise any power properly attached to either of the others, except in the instances herein expressly permitted.

3 Checks and Balances Each of the three branches of Texas government has certain controls (checks) over the other two. Article XV grants the Texas House of Representatives the power to impeach any of the executive officers of the state such as the Governor or the Lieutenant Governor as well as judges of Texas District Courts and higher courts. The same Article grants the Texas Senate the power to try any individual whom the House impeaches. Article IV states that every bill which shall have passed both houses of the Legislature shall be presented to the Governor for his approval. In addition, Article IV authorizes the Governor to veto one or more items of an appropriations bill while approving the rest of such a bill. Article III, Section 33 provides that all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may amend or reject them as other bills. Article VIII, Section 6, provides that no money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in pursuance of specific appropriations made by law. Article III, Section 40, provides that only the Governor can call a special session of the Legislature and furthermore that in a special session the Legislature can only consider subjects designated by the Governor. Like the U. S. Constitution, the Texas Constitution does not specifically provide for judicial review. Nevertheless, the Texas Supreme Court in particular plays an important role in interpreting laws passed by the Texas Legislature and even on rare occasions declaring them to be in violation of the Texas Constitution. The Court can do the same for actions of the Governor or for actions of other executive agencies of Texas government. For example, in the Edgewood public school finance case in 1989the Court brought about major changes in the financing of public education. In 1994, to cite another example, the Texas Supreme Court overturned a Texas Education Agency ruling that home schools were illegal and upheld the right of parents to educate their children.

4 Limited Government The power of Texas government is limited by the Texas Constitution, the U.S. Constitution, laws made by the U.S. Congress in pursuance of the U.S. Constitution, and by treaties made by the U.S. with other nations of the world. The Governor s power is limited by the fact that he does not hire and thus cannot give orders to or fire most of the other really important officers in the executive branch. The Legislature is limited by the fact that it meets in regular session biennially in odd numbered years only and only for 140 days. The judicial branch is limited by the fact that Texas has not one but two highest state courts: the Supreme Court for civil cases only and the Court of Criminal Appeals for criminal cases only. The powers of all three branches are limited not only by the Texas Bill of Rights and other parts of the Texas Constitution but also by most of the U. S. Bill of Rights and by the limitations imposed on all of the states by Article I, Section 10 of the U. S. Constitution. Finally, the Texas Legislature is limited in how much money it can spend by Article III, Section 49a which requires that before the Legislature can pass any appropriations bill, the Comptroller of Public Accounts must certify that he expects revenue will be available to pay for the proposed expenditure.

5 Individual Rights Personal freedoms, personal protections, and equality under the law are guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution, the U.S. Bill of Rights, laws of the U.S., the Texas Constitution, and the Texas Bill of Rights. Article I, Section 10 of the U. S. Constitution, for example, provides that no state shall pass any ex post facto law or bill of attainder or any law impairing the obligation of contracts. Like the U. S. Bill of Rights, Article I of the Texas Constitution, which is the Texas Bill of Rights, provides for freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, petition, etc. The Texas Bill of Rights also provides for the right to keep and bear arms as well as the same rights of the accused in criminal cases that are found in the U. S. Bill of Rights. Section 3a of the Texas Bill of Rights also provides that equality under the law shall not be denied or abridged because of sex, race, color, creed, or national origin. The Texas Bill of Rights also provides for some rights not found in the U. S. Bill of Rights. For example, Section 18 provides that no person shall ever be imprisoned for debt, and a lengthy Section 30 outlines the rights of crime victims. All rights reserved. Permission is granted for these materials to be reproduced for classroom use only. No part of these materials may be reproduced in any other form or for any other purpose without the written consent of Law Related Education, State Bar of Texas. For additional information on the LRE Program, please go to