Lets Review Glycolysis and Fermentation

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1 Lets Review Glycolysis and Fermentation

2 Chapter 7 Photosynthesis-Cellular Respiration Cycle

3 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration Versus Fermentation

4 Chapter 7 Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Two Types of Fermentation

5 After Glycolysis, When there IS oxygen: Aerobic Respiration occurs and NOT Fermentation!

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7 Chapter 7-2 I. Overview of Aerobic Respiration A. In eukaryotic cells, aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria In prokaryotes aerobic respiration occurs in the cytosol 1. Pyruvic acid to ATP is the goal. 2. Aerobic produces 20 x more ATP than glycolysis alone.

8 Mitochondria Review

9 Why do you think glucose has to be broken down in glycolysis to produce two pyruvic acids BEFORE it enters the mitochondria?

10 B. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix or the space inside of the inner membrane of the matrix. 1. The e- transport chain (which is associated with chemiosmosis) is located in the inner membrane. 2. When pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrial matrix it reacts with coenzyme A and makes acetyl conenzyme A (aka acetyl CoA).

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12 II. The Krebs Cycle A. Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle. Acetyl CoA is made of 2 Carbon Chain. B. One glucose molecule is completely broken down in 2 turns of the Krebs cycle and produces four CO 2 molecules, two ATP molecules, and hydrogen atoms that are used to make six NADH and two FADH 2 molecules. C. The bulk of the energy released by the oxidation of glucose still has not been transferred to ATP.

13 Look at page 138. Lets check out the Kreb s Cycle

14 First Check out this stud! Hans Kreb- German won the nobel prize in 1953 for the discovery of this cycle!

15 He also discovered the urea cycle which switches ammonia to urea in the animals!

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17 We need more ATP: Random Fact: A human body uses ATP at the rate of 1 million molecules per cell per second. There are 100 trillion cells in the body. So that means that 1 x 10^20 ATP molecules are used each second!

18 III. e-transport Chain A. is the same in the thylakoid membrane as in the mitochondria inner membrane 1. e- are donated from NADH and FADH2. They are passed along losing energy until they are received by an Oxygen 2. E- give off energy to pump protons

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20 B. Protons (hydrogen ions, H + ) are also given up by NADH and FADH The high concentration of protons creates a concentration gradient of protons and a charge gradient across the inner membrane. 2. ATP is made as protons move through ATPO synthase. Oxygen combines with the electrons and protons to form water.

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22 Cyanide Poisoning Cyanide binds irreversibly to the last stop on the e- transport chain causing the e- to back up and the Cycle to shut down. Once Kreb s is stopped cells use fermentation to create ATP however it is not enough! Too little ATP causes death of the cells (especially brain cells).

23 C. The Importance of Oxygen 1. ATP can be synthesized by chemiosmosis only if e- continue to move along the electron transport chain. 2. By accepting e- from the last molecule in the electron transport chain, oxygen allows additional electrons to pass along the chain. 3. As a result, ATP can continue to be made through chemiosmosis.

24 IV. Efficiency Cell respiration can produce up to 38 ATP from the one glucose. Most eukaryotic cells produce 36 ATP from 1 glucose. Thus, cellular respiration is nearly 20 times more efficient than glycolysis alone.

25 V. Another Role of Cell Respiration Molecules formed at different steps in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are used by cells to make compounds that are missing in food.

26 Chapter 7 Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Summary of Cellular Respiration

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