Beverly A. Sarza Pamantasang De La Salle-Maynila, Pilipinas

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1 ISANG TAGAY PARA SA PILOSOPIYANG PILIPINO 51 Isang Tagay Para ara sa Pilosopiyang Pilipino Beverly A. Sarza Pamantasang De La Salle-Maynila, Pilipinas Ang pagsasaliksik sa pilosopiyang Pilipino ay maaaring ituring na pausbong pa lamang sa gitna ng kasaysayan ng umunlad ng mga pilosopiya sa mundo. Isa sa pamamaraan ng pagsasaliksik dito ay ang paggamit ng natatanging kultura ng ating bansa na siya namang sumasalamin ng hugis ng kaisipan o pag-iisip nating mga Pilipino. Sa artikulong ito, layunin ng may-akda na gamitin ang isa sa mahalaga ngunit kadalasang nakakaligtaang sangkap ng kultura ng ating bansa ang inumang Pinoy. Sa paggamit ng dalawang pamamaraan ng pananaliksik, ang pagsusuring metalinggwistiks at penomenolohiya ng kaasalan, ipinababatid ng lathalaing ito na ang inuman ay nararapat lamang na ituring bilang mahalagang elementong babalangkas at magpapalawig ng pilosopiyang Pilipino na maaaring ihalintulad sa symposium ng lumang Griyego. Ang salitang symposium ay hango sa Griyegong, sympotein na ang ibig sabihin ay uminom nang may kasama o makipag-inuman. Kung tayo ay magbabalik-tanaw, ang salitang symposium, na ngayon ay nangangahulugang isang pormal na palitan ng kuru-kuro o ng mga ideya, ay batay sa isang sinaunang masaya, maligalig, ngunit napakahalagang salu-salo na kadalasan ay may inuming nakalalasing. Ang symposium na ito ay may natatanging katangian. Una, batay sa mga dalubhasa sa sinaunang kultura ng mga Griyego, ang alak sa naturang symposium ay kadalasang galing sa katas ng ubas (oinos ampelinos). Pangalawa, ayon na rin sa mga isinulat ni Plato, ang diskusyon sa loob ng isang symposium ay kinatatampukan ng mga paksa ukol sa pilosopiya at maging sa pulitika. Pangatlo, ang salu-salong ito ay nagaganap lamang sa tahanan ng mga taong may katungkulan sa lipunan o ng mga mahahalagang personalidad na nakaaangat sa buhay. Ang mga maaaring makilahok dito ay limitado lamang, walang lugar dito ang mga dukha at mga alipin. Sa pagsasalarawang ito, hindi lamang ang pagkakahati sa antas ng pamumuhay ang masasalamin, kundi pati na rin ang hindi pagkapantay-pantay ng kasarian. Sa symposium, na mayroong samu t saring palitan ng ideya at opinyon, hindi maaaring lumahok ang mga kababaihan na noon ay itinuturing na mababang uri ng nilalang. Kung susumahin, ang symposium ay ang salu-salong paghahabi ng mga usaping intelektwal ng mga taong elitista at nagsilbing panulukang-bato sa pag-unlad ng pilosopiya. MALAY

2 52 B.A. SARZA Sa kabilang dako, ang pinakamalapit na kaganapan sa buhay ng isang Pilipino na maaaring maihambing sa symposium ng mga Griyego ay ang inuman. Ang inumang Pinoy ay may kaakibat na samu t saring pananaw at maaaring gawing paksa sa iba t ibang pagsusuri o pag-aaral. Nariyan na ang pagturing dito bilang sentro na pinagmumulan ng maraming gulo o away sa ating lipunan at bilang sanhi rin ng maraming krimen. Ito ay maaaring gawin ding paksa sa medisina kung paano maiiwasan ang maraming sakit na idinudulot nito at ang pag-iwas sa mga inuman bilang isa sa mga pinakamabisang paraan. Sa kabilang dako, sa mga diskurso sa pilosopiyang Pilipino, ang paksang inuman ay hindi ginagamit. At ito nga ang layunin ng kasalukuyang artikulong ito, ang ipahayag ang isa sa mga nakaligtaang aspekto ng inumang Pilipino ang kahitikan nito sa mga simbolismo na lubhang mahalaga sa patuloy na pag-iral at pagyabong ng pilosopiyang Pilipino. Tulad ng symposium ng lumang Griyego, ang inumang Pilipino ay maaaring ituring na mahalagang sangkap sa pagkabuo ng diwa at kultura ng Pilipino. Ngunit hindi tulad ng symposium, ang inumang Pilipino ay mayroong mga katangiang naiiba, na siya namang mahalaga sa pagpapayaman ng pilosopiyang Pilipino lalo na sa aspektong pangkultura. Para sa maayos na talakayan, ang pananaliksik na ito ay gumamit ng dalawang pamamaraan: (1) pagsusuring metalinggwistiks at (2) penomenologo ng kaasalan. (Mercado 1974) Ang pagsusuring metalinggwistiks o metalinguistic analysis ay ang pagsusuri ng wika at ang pagkakaugnay nito sa kultura. Ang pananaw na ito ay nakaangkla sa dalawang paniniwala: na ang wika ay (1) sumasalamin sa pag-iisip ng isang particular na kultura at (2) nagsisilbing batayan ng paniniwala ng mga katutubong lumalang at unang gumamit nito. Ano ba ang kaugnayan ng wika sa kultura? Ayon sa eksistensyalistang si Maurice Merleau Ponty, ang isang hagap sa isipan ay nabubuo sa tulong ng mga salita [Thought seeks the word for its completion] (Timbreza 5). Ang bawat karanasan o bawat agihap na nababalangkas sa pag-iisip ng bawat isang taong bumubuhay ng kultura ay nangangailangan ng kaakmaan at nagiging ganap sa pamamagitan lamang ng wika. At sa kadahilanang ito, inihayag ni Florentino Timbreza na ang wika ang siyang pinakamahalagang kasangkapan (instrumento) ng pag-iisip (5). Alalaong baga, ang wika, bilang isa sa pinakamahalagang tagataguyod at tagabalangkas ng sangkabansaang pag-iisip, ay nagsisilbing panulukang-bato ng bawat kultura. Sa ganitong kadahilanan, malinaw na naihahayag ng pagsusuring metalinggwistiks ang kasaysayan at maging ang pamamaraan ng kultura na bumabalot sa bawat salita. Sapagkat ang pilosopiyang Pilipino ay nagsisimula at nagtatapos din sa mga natatanging karanasan ng mga Pilipino, ang riserts na ito ay gumamit ng eksistensyal na pamamaraan ng pananaliksik: ang penomenologo ng kaasalan o phenomenology of behavior. Ito ay tungkol sa paggamit ng mga natatanging kaasalan ng Pilipino bilang mga pangunahing sangkap sa pagsasalarawan at sa paghahayag ng diwa (essence) ng nasabing karanasan. Ang mga datos ng kaasalang ito ay bibigyan ng penomenolohikong pagtingin na may mga katangiang tulad ng pagtingin sa kabuuan bago ang pagsusuri sa mga bahagi ng kabuuang ito at pagpapaliwanag sa karanasan ng tao nang hindi gumagamit ng masaklaw na pahayag (induction) o ng masaklaw na batas ng ilang natatanging pangyayari (deduction) (Dy 23-24). Ang penomenolohikong pagtingin ay gumagamit ng pagsasalarawan, pagpapahayag, at pagpapaliwanag kung ano ang nandoon. Kung susumahin, imbes na lumayo sa mismong buod ng bagay tulad ng ginagawa ng siyentipikong pananaw, ang layunin ng penomenolohiko ay ang pagbabalik sa mga mismong bagay, na siya winika ng ama ng pamamaraan na ito na si Edmund Husserl (Dy 24). Inuman? Saan? Ang salitang inuman, kung gagamitan ng metalinguistic analysis ay makapaghahatid ng tatlong katangian. Una, ang hulaping an-han ay nagmumungkahi ng lugar o pinangyarihan at ang mismong pangyayari (Alegre ). Halimbawa na lamang sa mga salitang kantahan at TOMO XIX BLG. 3 ABRIL 2007

3 ISANG TAGAY PARA SA PILOSOPIYANG PILIPINO 53 pasukan Mula dito, ang hulaping an/han kapag idinikit sa salitang ugat na inom ay nangangahulugang pinangyayarihan ng kaganapan at ang kaganapan mismo, ang pag-iinom. Kung mga lugar ang pag-uusapan, dalawa sa mahahalagang pangyayari sa ating kasaysayan ang ipinagbunyi sa pamamagitan ng pagsasalu-salo at inuman. Bilang tanda ng ating kaasalan na pagiging magiliw sa mga panauhin, ang mga katutubo ay naghain ng tatlong bagay: dalawang uri ng saging, dalawang niyog, sariwang isda, at higit sa lahat isang tapayan na puno ng tuba. Ito ay nangyari sa isla ng Samar noong 16 March 1521 at ang bisita ay walang iba kundi si Ferdinand Magellan. Labindalawang araw makalipas, isa muling makasaysayang pangyayari ang naganap. Inanyayahan ng hari ng Limasawa, sa isang isla sa Leyte, ang mga dayuhang Kastila para sa isang mahalagang salu-salo. Ang pagsasalarawan kung paano sila uminom ay inilarawan ni Pigafetta sa kanyang aklat na Primo Viaggio Intorra al Mondo: Itinaas nila ang kanilang kamao sa direksyon ng langit, tapos kinuha ang baso sa kanilang kanang kamay at iniabot ang kanilang kamay sa mga kasama (Alegre 49). At mula dito, naganap ang kauna-unahan at natatanging panlipunang kasunduan (social contract) sa pagitan ng dalawang magkaibang lahi na kung saan ang hindi pagtupad ng Espanya ang naging batayan ng pilosopiyang rebolusyon ni Andres Bonifacio. 1 Tagay Pa, Pare at Mare! Masasalamin ang kultura at maging ang pagiisip ng ating bansa sa kung paano uminom ang mga Pilipino. Sa dakong ito, kapag nilagyan naman ng unlaping mag- ang salita, ito ay nangangahulugan ng isang paanyaya, tulad na lamang sa mga salitang magkainan at mag-sayawan (Alegre, 198). Kaya kung lalagyan ng mag- ang salitang inuman, ito ay magmumungkahi ng isang paanyaya o paghikayat upang makilahok sa isang salu-salo na may mga inumin. Ito ang pinakamahalagang aspekto ng inumang Pinoy, ang panlipunan o social na aspekto. Sa dakong ito, maaaring igiit na Pilipino man o hindi, kailangang may kasama kapag umiinom. Ngunit, sa puntong ito, natatangi ang Pilipino. Sapagkat mas pinahahalagahan natin ang pangkat kaysa sa indibidwal. Ang pagpapahalaga ng Pilipino sa kapwa ay nakikita rin sa wika. Halimbawa na lamang sa ating mga panghalip. Kapansin-pansin na mas maraming panghalip na tumutukoy sa pangkat, tulad na lamang ng tayo, kami, at sila, ngunit kakarampot lamang ang tumutukoy sa sarili, tulad ng akin at ako. May dalawang natatanging bagay na maihahayag mula sa aspektong ito. Una, ang inuman ay isa sa mga payak at kongkretong pagpapahayag ng Pilipino ng pakikisama at pakikipagkapwa-tao. Lubhang mahalaga ang pagkakaibigan para sa mga Pilipino. Kung sinabi ni Aristoteles sa kanyang Nicomachean Ethics (Book VII: 1) na Kung walang mga kaibigan ay walang sinumang nagnanais pang mabuhay kahit taglay niyang lahat ang kabutihan, ang kasabihang Tagalog naman ay nagwikang Ang pilak mo man ay isang kaban; ang ginto mo man ay isang tapayan, kung wala ka namang kaibigan ay wala ka ring kabuluhan (Timbreza, 87). Pangalawa, ang nasabing prinsipyong ito ay patuloy na isinasabuhay ng tagayan. Para kay Alegre, ang tagayan ay nasa pamamaraang sentral o centralized mode sapagkat lahat ay nagsisimulang mangyari sa gitna. Ang tagatagay ay siyang nagsisilbing tagapamahala ng pare-parehong sukat ng alak sa iisang basong umiikot sa mga umiinom na nakapalibot sa lamesa. Dalawang bagay din ang lumilitaw dito: (1) ang pagsasadula ng konsepto ng siklo ng kalikasan sa pilosopiyang Pilipino at (2) ang pananaw ng mga Pilipino ukol sa pagkakapantay-pantay. Ang konsepto sa siklo ng kalikasan (cyclic concept of nature) o pabilog na kalikasan ng katunayan (cyclic nature of reality) sa pahayag ni Timbreza ay nananalaytay sa Lahat ng pagunlad sa kalikasan, maging sa daigdig pampisikal o kalagayang-tao at ito ay may sinusunod na siklong kalakaran o disenyo ng paglitaw o pagkaparam, ng paglaki at pagliit, pagsilang at pagkamatay (16). Inilalarawan nito ang paniniwala ni Juan de la Cruz na ang buhay ay parang isang gulong na kung ikaw ay nasa ibaba at kasalukuyang MALAY

4 54 B.A. SARZA nakakaranas ng pagkabigo o kahirapan, darating ang panahon na ikaw naman ay makalalasap ng ginhawa kung ikaw ay pupunta na sa itaas. Ang posisyon ng mga umiinom sa tagayan ay isang metapora na sumisimbulo sa konseptong ito, at habang nilulunod ang pagod ng maghapong pagtratrabaho, darating din ang araw na sila ay giginhawa, sapagkat sa bawat lumbay na natatamasa ay mayrong ligayang naghihintay. Sa paanyaya ng inuman, natatangi rin ang Pilipino sapagkat ang pag-ikot ng baso na may pare-parehong sukat ng alak ay simbulo ng pagkakapantay-pantay walang mayaman o dukha at, higit sa lahat, wala ring diskriminasyon sa kababaihan. Sa wika pa lamang natin, masasalamin na ang pagturing sa kababaihan bilang katuwang sa buhay at hindi isang mababang uri ng nilalang. Ang Filipino, hindi tulad ng mga wikang Kastila, Pranses, at maging Ingles ay hindi kumikilala ng kasarian. Halimbawa, ang ating mga panghalip ay walang panukoy sa lalaki o maging sa babae. Ang Ingles ay may his, her, he, at she. Ang mga wikang Kastila at Pranses, bukod sa mga panghalip na panukoy sa dalawang kasarian, ay nagtatalaga rin ng kasarian maging sa mga bagay na walang buhay. Sa isang inuman, hindi mawawalan ng tanggero. Maaaring ihalintulad ang tungkulin ng isang tanggero sa inuman sa tagapamahala o presidente ng isang bansa. Mula dito, lubhang mahalaga ang tungkulin ng tanggero sa bawat tagayan. Ngunit ano nga ba ang mga katangian o kakayahan na dapat taglayin ng isang tanggero? Ayon kay Alegre: Siya ay dapat katanggap-tanggap sa lahat. Kilala siya sa pagiging mahusay na tagapagpasya: hindi siya mandaraya, binabahagian niya ng pantay-pantay na dami ang mga umiinom, at makatarungan at walang pagkiling ang kanyang pakikitungo sa lahat. Kung tutuusin, bihira lamang siyang uminom habang ginagampanan niya ang kanyang tungkulin mapagparaya siya, na sa isang inuman na siya ngunit hindi siya umiinom ng ganun kadami kung ihahambing sa iba. Ang pokus niya ay kailangang nasa kapwa. At dapat niyang talasan ang kanyang pagmamasid sa nangyayaring kaganapan. Kung ang isa sa mga umiinom ay lasing na o dili kaya naman ay tinatamaan na, maaari siyang pansamantalang tumanggi (Pass) at ang baso ay ipapasa naman sa susunod na manginginom. Hindi nararapat para sa tagatagay ang magbinbin ng tagay sa kahit sino man. Kailangang bigyan niya lahat kung ano ang nararapat bawat manginginom ay may pagkakataon at ang baso ay may pareparehong sukat ng alak sa bawat ikot. (51) Samakatuwid, mahalaga at mataas ang tungkulin na ginagampanan ng isang tanggero. At sa Pilipinas, ang papel na ito ay ginagampanan din ng kababaihan. Isang pagpapatunay ng pagkilala sa kababaihan bilang kapares, ang kababaihan sa bayan ng Hamoraon ay siyang nagsisilbing tanggera sa inuman. Mula sa sanaysay ni Alegre (110), bukod sa pag-aalaga ng bata, pagtitinda sa palengke, at iba pang mga gawaing bahay, ang mga kababaihan sa bayan ng Hamoraon sa Camarines Sur ay may mahahalagang posisyon sa pamamahala ng bayan. Ang mga babae dito, at malamang na nangyayari na rin sa maraming parte ng bansa, ay mas malakas uminom kaysa sa mga lalaki at mas tumatagal sila. Ayon kay Alegre ang inumang Pilipino ay mayroon ding nakapaloob na batas ukol sa paguugali at ito ang nagsisilbing hamon sa bawat manginginom: Hindi siya dapat malasing. Hindi kailanman naging katanggap-tanggap na dahilan ang pag-inom bilang sanhi ng kaperwisyuhan sa sarili, sa kapwa, at maging sa kapaligiran. Ang hamong ito ay ipinapahayag sa kasabihan ng mga Tagalog na Ang inumin ay nilalagay sa tiyan, at hindi sa ulo (202). Kung si Platon ay nagpahayag na ang utak ay siyang dapat mamuno sa ibang parte ng katawan ng tao, kasama na rito ang tiyan kung saan dito niya itinalaga ang pinagmumulan ng pagnanasa o hilig (appetite) ng mga tao, gayundin ang mga Pilipino na kung saan ang alak ay dapat inilalagak lamang sa tiyan at hindi sa ulo, sapagkat ito ang siyang sentro ng pag-iisip. Ito rin ay pinapahayag ng kasabihang Bikolano: TOMO XIX BLG. 3 ABRIL 2007

5 ISANG TAGAY PARA SA PILOSOPIYANG PILIPINO 55 Tigsik ko si Antonio Kun ika maginom day ipaglaog sa payo Ta kun ika magperwisyo Segurado mabagsak mo sa priso. (Alegre 202) [Ang tagay na ito ay para kay Antonio Kung ikaw ay iinom, huwag mong hayaang umabot sa iyong ulo. Sapagkat ito ay magdudulot sa iyo ng kapahamakan. Ikaw ay maaaring makalaboso o mabilanggo.] Samakatuwid, hindi dapat lunurin ng alak ang paguugali at tamang wisyo. Hindi dapat maapektuhan ng alak ang tamang pag-iisip. Ang mga manginginom ay dapat manatiling mahinahon at may respeto sa sarili at sa iba. Kaya ang hamon sa bawat umiinom ay ang pagpapanatili ng pagiging mahinahon at magalang. Sa madaling salita, sa gitna ng inuman, ang pinakamahalagang virtue ay ang kahinahunan (moderation) at pagtitimpi (temperance). Lahat ng kalabisan ay hindi nagdudulot ng kabutihan. Ika nga ng mga Bikolano: Tigsik ko si Juan Kun ika mainom day pakatodo-todo Ta kun ika magabuso Ang buhay mo makaag sa peligro. (Alegre 202) [Ang tagay na ito ay para kay Antonio Kung ikaw ay iinom, huwag kang iinom ng labis Sapagkat kung ikaw ay umabuso, Ang buhay mo ay mamimiligro.] Dagdag pa dito, dahil sa ang alak ay inilalagak sa tiyan lamang, malaya ang utak ng mga Pilipino na pumili ng mga paksa mula sa kaganapang pang-araw-araw hanggang sa pulitika. Dahil na rin sa malaya ang pag-iisip at diwa sa espirito ng alak, dito lumalabas ang pilosopikal na pahayag ng mga Pilipino na hindi na nila halos namamalayan, kaya ang mga paksa at pahayag na pilosopikal para kay simpleng Juan de la Cruz ay madalas na itinuturing na usapang lasing. Bilang huling pananalita, ang inumang Pilipino ay hindi isang walang saysay at walang katuturang paglagok ng alak hanggang abutan ng liwanag at mawala sa tamang wisyo. Ang inumang Pinoy ay pagsasalu-salo ng diwa at isip kung saan ang ako ay nilulunod upang maging tayo, kami, at hanggang maging atin. Hindi lamang isang paraan ito upang maibsan ang nanlulumong katawan mula sa maghapong pagbabanat ng buto. Sa pag-ikot ng baso sa bawat lamesa ng tagayan, masasalamin ang sentripetal na konsepto ng Pinoy ukol sa buhay na punung-puno ng pag-asa sapagkat ang buhay ay parang isang gulong, maaaring nasa baba tayo ngayon ngunit, dahil sa sipag, tayo ay uunlad din. At dahil sa iisang sukat ng tagay, lahat ay pantaypantay dukha man o mayaman, babae man o lalaki. Ito ang isa sa mga natatanging pagsasabuhay at paulit-ulit na pagpapalawig ng kulturang sariling atin na nangyayari sa bawat umpukan sa ating bayan. Kaya, Pinoy, sapagkat bilog ang mundo, tagay pa! MGA TALA 1 Ang pilosopiya ng rebolusyon ni Bonifacio ay nakabatay sa pananaw niyang ang hindi pagtupad ng pamahalaang Espanya sa mga napagkasunduan ay ang dahilan ng pag-aaklas at madugong rebolusyon (Gripaldo 2004). Ang nasabing kontrata na ito ay ang pag-ayon ng dalawang bansa na magtulungan para sa kaunlaran ng dalawang panig. Ang bigong pagtupad ng Espanya na nakita sa kanilang walang habas na pag-abuso at sa maling pagtrato ng mga prayle sa mga Pilipino ang naging mitsa para kay Bonifacio upang panigan ang madugong rebolusyon kaysa sa iminungkahi ni Rizal na asimilasyon at reporma lamang. Ang social contract na ito ang kauna-unahan at sadyang natatangi sapagkat ito ay ginawa sa pagitan ng dalawang magkaibang lahi, Pilipino at Kastila, hindi tulad ng kasunduan nina Hobbes at Locke na sa pagitan lamang ng namamahala at nasasakupan ng isang bansa o lipunan. MALAY

6 56 B.A. SARZA MGA SANGGUNIAN Alegre, Edilberto N. Inumang Pinoy. Pasig: Anvil, Dy, Manuel Jr. Magpakatao: Isang Babasahing Pilosopiko. QC: AdMU, Gripaldo, Rolando. Filipino Philosophy Traditional Approach Part I, Section 1. Manila: DLSU P, Mercado, Leonardo. Elements of Filipino Philosophy. Tacloban City: Divine Word U Publications, Timbreza, Florentino T. Pilosopiyang Pilipino. Rex, TOMO XIX BLG. 3 ABRIL 2007

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