Environmental Economic accouting

Transcription

1 Environmental Economic accouting Land use of food products of animal origin Federal Statistical Office of Germany

2 Published by: Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), Wiesbaden Website: You may contact us at: Central Information Service Phone: +49 (0) 611 / Periodicity: irregular Published on 14 June 2016 Article number: [PDF] Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden 2016 Reproduction and distribution, also of parts, are permitted provided that the source is mentioned.

3 Contents Introduction Calculation method Results Feed consumption of domestic livestock Land used domestically and abroad for the cultivation of feed crops Land use for exports Land use of domestic consumption of food products Tables Table 1: Feed consumption of domestic livestock by fodder categories and by origin... 6 Table 2: Domestic agricultural land use by use categories... 7 Table 3: Land use domestically and abroad by categories of feed in ha Table 4: Domestic production and exports of products of animal origin, volumes of feed and land use domestically and abroad... 9 Table 5: Land use of selected products of vegetable and animal origin Figures Figure 1: Feed consumption and land use of domestic livestock 2014 in %... 8 Figure 2: Land use for products of animal origin 2014 in 1,000 ha Abbreviations BMEL = Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft/ Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture BLE = Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung/ Federal Agency of Food and Agriculture FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations incl. = inclusive Measures/Signs and Symbols t = tonnes mn = million ha = hectares % = per cent %-pts. = percentage points = no figures or magnitude zero Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin,

4 Introduction The livestock farming in Germany requires large areas of land at home and abroad for growing feed. Domestically, the cultivation of feed is increasingly competing with the cultivation of energy crops. In addition, the cultivation of other agricultural plants must be guaranteed for vegetable-based nutrition. Agricultural land is thus increasingly becoming a scarce resource. In addition to the domestic use of land for growing feed more land abroad is used for imported feed, food products and primary agricultural products for the food industry. In this report, results are presented for the total land use of domestic livestock farming and for domestic consumption of food products of animal origin for the period 2005 to Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin,

5 1 Calculation method The calculation of land use of food products of animal origin is done in several steps, in which a variety of data sources are used. In the first step the extent of the feed of domestic livestock is determined. The information on domestic production of feed was taken from the Statistical Yearbook of Food, Agriculture and Forestry of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL). The import and export of feed was determined on the basis of information provided by the foreign trade statistics of the Federal Statistical Office. The land use of domestic feed was calculated with the help of information on the yield per hectare included in agricultural statistics (harvest statistics). When calculating land use of imported feed, data were taken from the FAO database on harvest and planting area of agricultural commodities. In cases of multi-harvests per year, like soya cultivation, cultivation is accounted for without double-counting. In a second step the calculated feed volume is attributed to the different types of animals. The information feed use per animal species was provided by the BMEL from the 2002 yearbook. This information has been updated taking into account the changes of livestock and adapting changing feed rations. The land use for the different types of livestock was determined by linking the volume of feed with the land use coefficients for the national territory and the countries abroad. Within the calculations there was also made a distinction between the type of land used cropland or grassland. This distinction makes sense in view of the very different scarcity of agricultural land and the different impacts of land use. To analyse the land use of individual food products, in addition to the calculation of the annual land use of domestic livestock a calculation for slaughtered animals and products of animal origin was made. There the land use of livestock was determined over its entire life span and allocated to the quantities of manufactured food products (meat, sausages, milk, cheese, eggs). Data on the quantities of meat and the production of milk and eggs were taken from the agricultural statistics and the production statistics of the Federal Statistical Office. The land use coefficients for domestic production on the product level have been used in the calculation of land use of domestic consumption. Land use of imported products is added to land use of domestic production and land use of exported food is subtracted. While for exports domestic land use coefficients were applied, for imports from non-european countries, for example for meat imports from Argentina, coefficients from other sources were used. These are taking into account the specific conditions of local livestock. For imports of food goods from European countries, the domestic coefficients were applied, due to a lack of special knowledge of local animal husbandry and feeding. Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin,

6 2 Results 2.1 Feed consumption of domestic livestock In 2014, million tonnes of feed was fed in domestic livestock farming. Of this, some 126 million tonnes or 88.2 % were of domestic cultivation and domestic production, 16.9 million tonnes (11.8 %) of imports. Compared to 2005, the total volume of feed has dropped by 1.0 %. Feed from domestic sources and from imports showed a completely different trend: while imports increased strongly by 46.7 %, feed from domestic production on the other hand fell by 5.1 %. Table 1: Feed consumption of domestic livestock by fodder categories and by origin Fodder to ,000 t % Domestic production and imports Grain... 23,290 29, Pulses Concentrated feed... 15,949 17, Oil cake... 8,412 10, Others... 7,537 7, Root crop... 6,240 1, Green fodder... 92,726 89, Maize... 51,803 50, Others... 40,923 39, Milk, straw... 5,516 5, Total , , Thereof:... Domestic production , , Imports... 11,504 16, Thereof: Domestic production Grain... 20,516 24, Pulses Concentrated feed... 7,409 5, Root crop... 6,240 1, Green fodder... 92,726 89, Maize... 51,803 50, Others... 40,923 39, Milk, straw... 5,359 5, Total , , Imports Grain... 2,774 4, Pulses Concentrated feed... 8,540 12, Oil cake... 6,735 8, Others... 1,805 3, Milk Total... 11,504 16, Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin,

7 High increases were observed for oil cake ( %) and cereals ( %), while the volume of green fodder that is the feed with the largest share in total feed volume fell by 3.5 %. In domestic production fodder silage has a share of 39.7 %. There it is the most important feed. In terms of imports, oil cake is the most important with a share of 53.3 %. Concentrated feed from abroad is in particular soybean and canola, which are processed domestically to oil cake or are already imported in the form of oil cake. Most of the food was accounted for dairy cows (38.2 %), 25.9 % to beef cattle, 11.4 % to calves and 13.1 % to fattening pigs. Poultry had a share of 9.2 % of the total feed consumption, sheep and horses 2.2 % (see figure 1). 2.2 Land used domestically and abroad for the cultivation of feed crops In 2014 the agricultural land in Germany amounted to 16.7 million ha, which were 0.3 million ha less than in 2005 (17.0 million ha) % of the total agricultural land was used for the cultivation of feed in Compared to 2005 (57.4 %) the proportion was almost unchanged. By contrast, the percentage of agricultural land for the purpose of producing other agricultural goods for food (without fodder and industrial use) decreased from 33.6 % in 2005 (5.7 million ha) to 29.4 % (4.9 million ha) in The reason for this decline is mainly the increased cultivation of energy crops. This has risen from only 0.8 million ha in 2005 to 2.2 million ha in The share of agricultural land used for this purpose increased from 4.9 % in 2005 to almost 13 % in Table 2: Domestic agricultural land use by use categories Use category to 2005 mn ha % mn ha % mn ha %-pts. Agricultural land use, total Fodder/livestock Food products/ industrial use Bio-energy Other land use To produce the feed for livestock a total area of 12.1 million ha was used, of which 9.4 million ha originated from domestic use and 2.7 million ha from abroad. The land use by type of livestock showed a similar distribution as for the feed consumption. The land use of the feed for cattle (cows, beef cattle and calves) is proportionally slightly lower compared to the shares in the feed volume. This is due to green fodder for beef cattle which exclusively comes from domestic cultivation. The feed for other animals such as pigs and poultry has a higher share of land use as the feed volume, since animal feed for pigs and poultry fodder is composed differently and mainly comes from imports. Concentrated feed is often generated in extensive agriculture and therefore has a higher land use than domestic animal feed. Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin,

8 Figure 1 Feed consumption and land use of domestic livestock 2014 in % Fattening pigs Calves Domestic fodder consumption Sheep/horses 2.2 Poultry Total mn tonnes 38.2 Dairy cows Fattening pigs Land use domestically and abroad Sheep/horses 2.2 Poultry Total 12.1 mn ha 33.6 Dairy cows 25.9 Beef cattle 8.5 Calves 22.0 Beef cattle Table 3: Land use domestically and abroad by categories of feed in 1,000 ha Fodder categories to2005 Inland Imports 1 Total Total % Total... 9,442 2,655 12,097 11, Grain , ,081 3, Concentrated feed ,754 2,308 2, Green fodder... 4, ,708 5, Memorandum item: ,786 1,899 11, to 2005 in % Multiple used areas for soybeans cultivation are counted only once. 2 Incl. pulses, maize 5.1 million ha, from total land used for feed (12.1 million ha), in 2014 accounted for grain, 2.3 million ha for concentrated feed and 4.7 million ha for green fodder. In 2014, domestic land use was 9.4 million ha, land use abroad 2.7 million ha. From total domestic land use 4.2 million ha accounted for cereals and 4.7 million ha for green fodder. For the cultivation of concentrated feed an area of 0.6 million ha was domestically occupied, in contrast to 1.8 million ha used abroad. The total area used for feed increased despite lower feed volumes from 2005 to 2014 by 3.5 %. Domestic land use fell by 3.5 %, the land use of imports increased by 39,8 %. The reason for this increase is as described above mainly increasing imports of oil cake with a corresponding land use in the countries of origin. Compared to 2005, the total area under cultivation for fodder grain increased by 34,6 %, for concentrated feed by 10,8 %. By contrast, the area of green fodder fell by 19.2 %. Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin,

9 2.3 Land use for exports Domestic land use is not only influenced by the origin of the feed but also from the volume of production of products of animal origin. A higher demand for these products has a medium and long term impact on the livestock and thus on the feeding. With regard to the demand it can be observed that in the period 2005 to 2014 the demand for exports were a key driver of the entire production of meat, sausage products and dairy products. Between 2005 and 2014 exports of meat rose by 89.0 % (see table 4), that of the sausages by 66,1 % and exports of dairy products increased by around 37.6 %. A high proportion of the amounts of feed and land use at home and abroad is therefore linked with export production. Table 4: Domestic production and exports of products of animal origin, volumes of feed and land use domestically and abroad Domestic production to 2005 in % Thereof: exports to 2005 in % in % of domestic production Domestic production of meat in t Meat ,679 8, ,626 3, Beef... 1,216 1, , Pork... 4,213 5, ,131 2, Poultry... 1,197 1, Sheepmeat Sausages... 2,624 2, Dairy products 2.. 1,163 1, Eggs Volume of feed in t Total , , ,181 57, Domestic production , , ,473 49, Imports... 11,468 17, ,708 7, in % of total Domestic production Imports Land use in ha Total... 11,427 11, ,783 5, Domestic production... 9,518 9, ,167 4, Imports... 1,909 2, , in % of total Domestic production Imports Gross domestic production (weight of slaughtering acc. BLE, BMEL) 2 In milk fat units. Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin,

10 The reported amounts of feed and land use in Table 4 are related to the slaughtered animals in the reporting year and not attributed to the livestock in this year. The figures are in the years observed slightly less than the figures on feeding and livestock farming area for the total livestock. Between 2005 and 2014 the entire amount of feed has almost been constant, however the amount of feed that is attributable to exports, increased by 28.3 %. The increase in exports affected much stronger the imports of feed than the feed quantities produced domestically: due to the high growth in exports of pork and poultry large quantities of feed had to be imported for their production. These imports, linked to exports, tripled in the reporting period % of total feed was applied to the production of export products. Regarding the land used for the production of feed nearly 5.3 million ha or 44.7 % of total land use are attributed to export production. With an increase of almost 41 %, land use linked with imports was the main factor for the small increase in land use. Total land use increased by 4.2 % from 11.4 million ha (2005) to 11.9 million ha (2014). 2.4 Land use of the domestic consumption of food products For determining the land requirements of domestic consumption of food land use of domestic livestock farming and land required for the production of imported (finished) products abroad has to be considered as well as land use for exported food products. For determining the land use of domestic consumption, land use of imports and the land use of domestic production have to be added and land use of exports has to be subtracted. Land use of total domestic consumption amounted to 10.9 million ha in 2014, making it smaller than land use of domestic production. The difference is due to the bigger land use of exports (5.3 million ha) compared to imports (4.4 million ha). The land use for exports is accompanied with land use for imports finished products without imported feed of 4.4 million ha. The highest proportion of the land use of domestic consumption is related to meat and sausages with a share of more than 60 %, followed by dairy products (34.5 %) and eggs (5.4 %). Figure 2 Land use for products of animal origin 2014 in 1,000 ha 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Domestic Inlandserzeugung production Imports Exports Domestic Inlandsverbrauch consumption 0 Meat Sausages Dairy products Eggs Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin,

11 The calculations allow the determination of land use footprints for individual food products such as beef, pork, milk or cheese. These land use footprints can also be related to nutritional values (caloric content) of the products, thus allowing comparisons between land use different products of vegetable and animal origin and of different food styles. Table 5: Land use of selected products of vegetable and animal origin Product m 2 /kg 1 m 2 /10 3 kcal 2 Beef Pork Chicken Lamb, goat meat Milk Butter Cheese Eggs Potatos Bread Average value 2005 to Conversion in kcal with information from Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin,