Radiation Safety. Chapter I. Ionizing Radiation. A Brief History of Radiation Protection OR: NO SUBTITLE CAN TOP THAT PICTURE
|
|
- Karen Harris
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Radiation Safety OR: NO SUBTITLE CAN TOP THAT PICTURE Chris Ober, DVM, PhD, DACVR 15 February 2011 Brief History & Terminology Radiation Sources Radiation Effects Decreasing Radiation Monitoring Radiation Chapter I Dr. Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen A Brief History of Radiation Protection 1895: Discovered x-rays 1896: First reports associate x-ray exposure to skin burns & eye damage 1902: First report of skin cancer due to radiation exposure Ionizing Radiation 1907: First use of photographic plate for monitoring of radiation exposure Radiation with enough energy to remove bound electrons from atoms Many types X- and gamma rays Beta particles Alpha particles Can interact with molecules in cells
2 Radiation Units ionization in air Roentgen (R) Coulomb / kg (C/kg) Absorbed Dose Radiation Absorbed Dose (rad) Gray (Gy) = 100 rad Radiation Units Radiation Dose Equivalent Absorbed dose x Weighting factor Weighting factor for x-rays = 1 Protons = 5, Alpha particles = 20 Radiation Equivalent Man (rem) Sievert (Sv) = 100 rem Chapter II Roentgen Rad, Rem Brief History & Terminology Radiation Sources Radiation Effects Decreasing Radiation Monitoring Radiation Background Radiation: 82% of annual dose Man-made sources (mostly medical): 18% of annual dose Radiation Sources Radiation from space Increased dose at: Poles High altitudes 26 mrem / year Cosmic Radiation Total annual dose: ~360 mrem ( mrem)
3 Earth s Crust Radon Uranium Thorium Radon Largest part of background radiation mrem / year Enters through basements Internal Ingested radioactive material Minimal amounts 40 K is most important Man-Made Sources Medical radiography Nuclear medicine procedures TV, nuclear fallout, luminous watches Entrance Skin Dose Guidance Levels Radiographs Chest 10 mrem Lumbar Spine 150 Lower GI 800 CT Abdomen 800 mrem Thorax 700 Interventional Coronary Stent 1500 mrem Brief History & Terminology Radiation Sources Radiation Effects Decreasing Radiation Monitoring Radiation Chapter III
4 Interactions of Radiation with Matter Results of Interactions Damage repaired (NGS) Cell remains viable, but modified (mutation) Cell viable, but unable to multiply (chronic tissue damage) Cell death (acute tissue damage) Effects of Radiation Rate of exposure Amount of body exposed Cell sensitivity Rate of Large dose all at once may result in death Same overall dose divided over a long period of time may not lead to any detectable effects Small insults can be repaired by the body Amount of Body Exposed Large whole-body dose may be fatal Same dose applied to single region in several fractions leads to only local effects Principle behind radiation therapy Cell Sensitivity Most sensitive: rapidly dividing or undifferentiated cells Gonads GI tract Bone marrow Thyroid gland Less sensitive Extremities
5 Hazards of Radiation Acute Effects Long-Term Effects Genetic Effects Fetal Effects Acute Effects Large Whole Body Doses 3+ Sv (300+ rem) Note the lack of the milli- prefix Pattern of effects Hematological (1+ Sv) GI (10+ Sv) Neurovascular (50+ Sv) Death in weeks to hours Acute Effects Local Injury Rapidly proliferating tissues Skin Mucous membranes GI tract Bone marrow May cause: Moist desquamation Mucositis Can be reversible Acute Effects Local Injury Not a concern in diagnostic imaging Definite concern in radiation Tx Definite concern in interventional radiology This patient: 10hr procedure with estimated local Gy dose (required plastic surgery) Balter, et al. Radiology 254 (2010): Long-Term Effects Radiation-induced Carcinogenesis Chronic effects in slowly (or non-) proliferating tissues Fibrosis (e.g. lung) Cataracts Cancer is most important effect of low-dose radiation Represents unrepaired damage to DNA cell remains viable, but mutated Cancer is damage to somatic cells, not germ cells Long latent period NO safety threshold, though probability of cancer increases with dose Risk must be extrapolated from higher exposures
6 Radiation-induced Carcinogenesis Common neoplasms Leukemia Lung Bone Breast Thyroid Skin Low-dose radiation is a weak carcinogen Genetic Effects Mutations in germ cells induced by radiation can be passed on to offspring Radiation does not produce abnormal mutations, just increases the probability of naturally occurring mutations Typical occupational and diagnostic exposures are not thought to lead to significant genetic risk Another Division Fetal Effects Stochastic Probability increases with dose; severity of disease does NOT change No threshold Theoretically it only takes 1 photon to do the necessary damage Examples: Oncogenesis Genetic effects Deterministic Severity increases with increasing dose Like sunburn Dose below a certain threshold will NOT produce effect Common in Radiation Tx Examples: Erythema Cataracts Fetal Effects Human Stage of Gestation Depend on: Dose Dose rate Gestational age Less than 10 days: Fetal death OR No effect Anytime after this Childhood leukemia 10 days-6 weeks: Organ abnormalities Intrauterine growth retardation 6-20 weeks: Permanent growth retardation Microcephaly Mental retardation 25+ weeks: No gross structural abnormalities
7 Brief History & Terminology Radiation Sources Radiation Effects Decreasing Radiation Monitoring Radiation Chapter IV Veterinary Radiation Manual restraint of patients Sources of radiation Primary beam Scatter radiation Leakage from x-ray tube Radiation Regulations Set by the National Council on Radiation Protection ALARA: As Low As Reasonably Achievable There is NO THRESHOLD for possible damage Occupational Limits Must be at least 18 years old Whole body dose: 5 rem / year Hands / feet: 50 rem / year Specific organ: 50 rem / year Lens: 15 rem / year Fetus: 50 mrem / month Veterinary Staff Mean: < 5 microsv per radiograph < 500 microrem Thus > 10,000 radiographs to reach limit 95% of cases < 2 microsv per radiograph Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr May-Jun;121(5-6): [Radiation exposure of the staff during standardised radiography of dogs and cats] Limiting Radiation Decrease exposure time Increase distance Body shielding But there s no reason to even approach the limit ALARA ALARA ALARA
8 Limit Time Not referring to the time component of mas Refers to the amount of time personnel are exposed to radiation Limit Time Sedate / Anesthetize patients Technique chart Accurate measurements Faster film-screen combinations Rotate individuals for holding patients Increase Distance Inverse Square Law: Amount of radiation decreases by the square of the distance Doubling the distance reduces the radiation dose to ¼ original dose Increase Distance Use sandbags & tape to minimize manual restraint Increase Distance Increase Distance Do not hand-hold the x-ray tube Use an x-ray tube stand Use cassette holders to keep hands away from beam Even leaning away will help
9 Increase Distance Collimate the field to only the area of interest Keeps the holder out of the primary beam Decreases scatter radiation
10 Increase Distance But sometimes a human body accidentally strays into the primary beam If the radiograph is diagnostic, DON T repeat it We re trying to decrease exposure, not double it Direct Body Shielding Lead Aprons Lead Gloves Thyroid Shields Lead Glasses Direct Body Shielding Only provides protection from scatter Scatter dose reduced to 1/20 Primary beam dose only reduced to 1/2 Radiograph aprons and gloves to check for cracks
11 Brief History & Terminology Radiation Sources Radiation Effects Decreasing Radiation Monitoring Radiation Chapter V Monitoring Radiation Dose UMN: Monitoring device required if may receive > 10% MPD Number of devices may vary Neck Waist Ring Fetal Piece of film in plastic holder darkens with radiation exposure Inexpensive Not as sensitive for lower doses Falsely darkens with increased heat, humidity Film Badge Piece of film in plastic holder darkens with radiation exposure Inexpensive Not as sensitive for lower doses Falsely darkens with increased heat, humidity Film Badge Immediate readout of exposure Most useful in high radiation areas Dropping them is a bad idea Pocket Dosimeter
12 Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Better than film badge More accurate More sensitive More reliable Not affected by heat or humidity Reusable Another example of a TLD Used to evaluate exposure to hands Most important in nuclear medicine, fluoroscopy Ring Badge Optically-Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeter Even more sensitive than TLD Same advantages as TLD over film Semi-permanent record What Have We Learned? Radiation comes from many sources Radiation is not scary, but is also not to be trifled with Minimizing risk involves 2 principles: ALARA Not being stupid
The effects of radiation on the body can be divided into Stochastic (random) effects and deterministic or Non-stochastic effects.
RADIATION SAFETY: HOW TO EDUCATE AND PROTECT YOURSELF AND YOUR STAFF John Farrelly, DVM, MS, ACVIM (Oncology), ACVR (Radiation Oncology) Cornell University Veterinary Specialists The Veterinary Cancer
More informationX-ray Radiation Safety Course. James Kane & Rob Deters Office of Radiological Control 545-7581
X-ray Radiation Safety Course James Kane & Rob Deters Office of Radiological Control 545-7581 About the Course X-ray Radiation Safety X-ray radiation safety training is mandatory for radiation workers
More informationRadiation Safety Issues for Radiologic Technologists
Radiation Safety Issues for Radiologic Technologists Greg Sackett, M.S., CHP Medical Physicist Radiation Worker Risks? 1 Patient Risks? Acute Effects? Delayed Effects? Patient Questions? Radiation Dose
More informationRequired RS Training Info
C-arm Radiation Safety at Tufts Required RS Training Info What are annual rad. dose limits? Who is our regulator? What should you do in an emergency? Are there health effects of radiation? C-arm beam awareness
More informationEnvironmental Radiation Risk Assessment
Environmental Radiation Risk Assessment Jerome Puskin, PhD Center for Science & Risk Assessment Radiation Protection Division Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (ORIA) 2 Outline 1. Ionizing radiation definitions,
More informationChemistry 1000 Lecture 2: Nuclear reactions and radiation. Marc R. Roussel
Chemistry 1000 Lecture 2: Nuclear reactions and radiation Marc R. Roussel Nuclear reactions Ordinary chemical reactions do not involve the nuclei, so we can balance these reactions by making sure that
More informationHow To Understand The Effects Of Radiation On A Cell
Biological Effects of Radiation Whether the source of radiation is natural or man-made, whether it is a small dose of radiation or a large dose, there will be some biological effects. This chapter summarizes
More informationAnalytical X-ray Safety Refresh Training. Radiation Safety Officer Department of Environmental Health and Safety
Analytical X-ray Safety Refresh Training Radiation Safety Officer Department of Environmental Health and Safety TWO TYPES OF X-RAYS Man-made X-rays Electrons are accelerated from the cathode by high voltage,
More informationIntroduction. Chapter 15 Radiation Protection. Regulatory bodies. Dose Equivalent. Regulatory bodies. Main Principles of Radiation Protection
Introduction Chapter 15 Radiation Protection Radiation Dosimetry I Text: H.E Johns and J.R. Cunningham, The physics of radiology, 4 th ed. F.M. Khan, The Physics of Radiation Therapy, 4th ed., Chapter
More informationEnvironmental Health and Safety Radiation Safety. Module 1. Radiation Safety Fundamentals
Environmental Health and Safety Radiation Safety Module 1 Radiation Safety Fundamentals Atomic Structure Atoms are composed of a variety of subatomic particles. The three of interest to Health Physics
More informationRadiation Safety. relating to veterinary medicine and animal health technology in California
Radiation Safety relating to veterinary medicine and animal health technology in California 2012 This booklet is published by the California Veterinary Medical Board. Table of Contents Section 1: Effects
More informationIonizing Radiation and Breast Cancer Risk
Program on Breast Cancer Environmental Risk Factors Fact Sheet #52 October 2004 TOPICS What is ionizing radiation? Is ionizing radiation a cause of breast cancer? How high is the risk of radiation-induced
More informationX-Rays Benefits and Risks. Techniques that use x-rays
X-Rays Benefits and Risks X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, just like light waves and radiowaves. Because X-rays have higher energy than light waves, they can pass through the body. X-rays
More informationDOSES TO EYES AND EXTREMITIES OF MEDICAL STAFF DURING INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY PROCEDURES
DOSES TO EYES AND EXTREMITIES OF MEDICAL STAFF DURING INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY PROCEDURES Ausra Urboniene, Birute Griciene Lithuania Introduction Medical staff during interventional radiology procedures
More information1. In the general symbol cleus, which of the three letters. 2. What is the mass number of an alpha particle?
1. In the general symbol cleus, which of the three letters Z A X for a nu represents the atomic number? 2. What is the mass number of an alpha particle? 3. What is the mass number of a beta particle? 4.
More informationPRACTICAL TIPS IN ENSURING RADIATION SAFETY IN THE USE OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY EQUIPMENT
PRACTICAL TIPS IN ENSURING RADIATION SAFETY IN THE USE OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY EQUIPMENT Although the medical uses of X-rays to examine a patient without surgery became an amazing medical breakthrough,
More informationPRINIPLES OF RADIATION THERAPY Adarsh Kumar. The basis of radiation therapy revolve around the principle that ionizing radiations kill cells
PRINIPLES OF RADIATION THERAPY Adarsh Kumar The basis of radiation therapy revolve around the principle that ionizing radiations kill cells Radiotherapy terminology: a. Radiosensitivity: refers to susceptibility
More informationRadiation and Pregnancy
Radiation and Pregnancy General Special attention must be paid to the pregnant, potentially pregnant, or breast feeding patient. The developing embryo or fetus is particularly sensitive to radiation. If
More informationIntegrated Management & Educational Consultancy
Integrated Management & Educational Consultancy Services MANDEC Radiology Update Seminar for The Dental Team Dr. Richard DeCann & Mr. Tim Reynolds IMECS Radiography Consultants Tel:07855 183117 email:admin@imecs.freeserve.co.uk
More informationRadiation Safety in the Practice of Cardiology
892 JACC Vol. 31, No. 4 ACC EXPERT CONSENSUS DOCUMENT Radiation Safety in the Practice of Cardiology WRITING GROUP MEMBERS MARIAN C. LIMACHER, MD, FACC, CHAIR PAMELA S. DOUGLAS, MD, FACC, GUIDO GERMANO,
More informationStaff Doses & Practical Radiation Protection in DEXA
Patient Xray X Doses Staff Doses & Practical Radiation Protection in DEXA Una O ConnorO Dept. of Medical Physics & Bioengineering, St. James s s Hospital. Examination Types General XrayX Fluoroscopy /
More informationNatural and Man-Made Radiation Sources
Natural and Man-Made Radiation Sources All living creatures, from the beginning of time, have been, and are still being, exposed to radiation. This chapter will discuss the sources of this radiation, which
More informationX-ray (Radiography) - Abdomen
Scan for mobile link. X-ray (Radiography) - Abdomen Abdominal x-ray uses a very small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the abdominal cavity. It is used to evaluate the stomach,
More informationRadiation safety in dental radiography
Radiation safety in dental radiography Dental Radiography Series The goal of dental radiography is to obtain diagnostic information while keeping the exposure to the patient and dental staff at minimum
More informationNuclear Energy in Everyday Life
Nuclear Energy in Everyday Life Understanding Radioactivity and Radiation in our Everyday Lives Radioactivity is part of our earth it has existed all along. Naturally occurring radioactive materials are
More informationProduction of X-rays and Interactions of X-rays with Matter
Production of X-rays and Interactions of X-rays with Matter Goaz and Pharoah. Pages 11-20. Neill Serman Electrons traveling from the filament ( cathode) to the target (anode) convert a small percentage
More informationAre children more sensitive to radiation than adults?
Are children more sensitive to radiation than adults? By Madan M. Rehani Director of Radiation Protection, European Society of Radiology There is a commonly held belief that children may be two to three
More informationRadiation Safety for Nurses
Medical Care Program Southern California Region Radiation Safety for Nurses Rev. 2/01 Nursing RADIATION SAFETY FOR NURSES HOW TO USE THIS HANDOUT This handout is in two parts, and you should use each part
More informationComparison of Medical and DOE Health Physics Programs. Kevin Lee Radiation Safety Officer Palmetto Health
Comparison of Medical and DOE Health Physics Programs Kevin Lee Radiation Safety Officer Palmetto Health Objectives To understand basic medical use of radiation producing equipment and radioactive materials.
More informationCONTENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE FLUOROSCOPY EXAMINATION
CONTENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE FLUOROSCOPY EXAMINATION Publication Date: November 2010 Implementation Date: March 2011 The purpose of the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists Fluoroscopy Examination
More informationPrevention and Early Detection. Radiation Exposure and Cancer. Ionizing Radiation. print close
Radiation Exposure and Cancer Prevention and Early Detection print close Radiation is the emission (sending out) of energy from any source. The light that comes from the sun is a source of radiation, as
More informationINSTRUCTION CONCERNING RISKS FROM OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION EXPOSURE
INSTRUCTION CONCERNING RISKS FROM OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION EXPOSURE This instructional material is intended to provide the user with the best available information concerning what is currently known about
More informationX-ray (Radiography) - Bone
Scan for mobile link. X-ray (Radiography) - Bone Bone x-ray uses a very small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of any bone in the body. It is commonly used to diagnose fractured bones or
More informationRadiation Exposure in X-ray and CT Examinations
Patient Safety-Xray: Radiation Exposure in X-ray and CT Examinations What are x-rays and what do they do? X-rays are forms of radiant energy, like light or radio waves. Unlike light, x-rays can penetrate
More informationRadiation Protection Update
Radiation Protection Update Pennsylvania Dental Association Revised December 2013 Reviewed by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Radiation Protection Update Radiation in the Healing
More informationIONISING RADIATION. X-rays: benefit and risk
IONISING RADIATION X-rays: benefit and risk Impress Federal Office for Radiation Protection Postfach 10 01 49 D - 38201 Salzgitter Telephone: + 49 (0) 30 18333-0 Fax: + 49 (0) 30 18333-1885 Website: www.bfs.de
More informationRadiation Rule Guide. Veterinary Facilities. Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-45, Radiation Control. Hawaii State Department of Health
Radiation Rule Guide Veterinary Facilities Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-45, Radiation Control Hawaii State Department of Health MAY 2009 Radiation Rule Guide for Veterinary Facilities Hawaii
More informationRadiation Protection Guidance For Hospital Staff
Radiation Protection Guidance For Hospital Staff Prepared for Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital And Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System December 2010 Last revision
More informationRadiation safety in dental radiography
Radiation safety in dental radiography Kodak s dental radiograph series The goal of dental radiography is to obtain diagnostic information while keeping the exposure to the patient and dental staff at
More informationRadiation Protection Series
Radiation The Radiation is published by the Australian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) to promote practices which protect human health and the environment from the possible harmful effects
More informationCOMMUNICATING RADIATION RISKS IN PAEDIATRIC IMAGING
COMMUNICATING RADIATION RISKS IN PAEDIATRIC IMAGING Information to support healthcare discussions about benefit and risk Executive summary Executive summary Advances in technologies using ionizing radiation
More informationX-RAY REGULATORY GUIDE
Minnesota Department of Health Radiation Control, X-ray Unit Protecting, maintaining and improving the health of all Minnesotans by promoting radiation safety through guidance and collaboration with the
More informationSOP #: Revision #: Current Version Implementation Date: Page #: Page 1 of 10 Last Reviewed/Update Date: Expiration
Implementation Page #: Page 1 of 10 Last Reviewed/Update 1. Purpose and Scope The purpose of this document is to describe the Medical Physics and Radiation Safety program at Boston University (BU) and
More informationDental Radiography collimator Ionising radiation image radiolucent area radiopaque area controlled zone scatter radiation intraoral
Dental Radiography X-rays for dental radiography are produced by high voltages of electricity within an x-ray head and come out through a metal tube called a collimator. This ensures the x-rays only come
More informationX-ray (Radiography), Chest
X-ray (Radiography), Chest What is a Chest X-ray (Chest Radiography)? The chest x-ray is the most commonly performed diagnostic x-ray examination. A chest x-ray makes images of the heart, lungs, airways,
More informationA radiation weighting factor is an estimate of the effectiveness per unit dose of the given radiation relative a to low-let standard.
Radiological Protection For practical purposes of assessing and regulating the hazards of ionizing radiation to workers and the general population, weighting factors are used. A radiation weighting factor
More informationX-ray Operating Procedures and Safety Manual
X-ray Operating Procedures and Safety Manual December 2014 Revision 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE # 1.0 Introduction 4 1.1 Purpose 4 1.2 Emergency Telephone Numbers 5 1.3 Responsibilities 5 1.3.1 Radiation
More informationRadiation and the Universe Higher Exam revision questions and answers
Radiation and the Universe Higher Exam revision questions and answers Madeley High School Q.The names of three different processes are given in List A. Where these processes happen is given in List B.
More informationRadiation Safety. University of Nevada Reno EH&S. Revised October 2012 Compiled by M. Jo
Radiation Safety University of Nevada Reno EH&S Revised October 2012 Compiled by M. Jo Copyright (c) 2012, Environmental Health & Safety, All Rights Reserved. Some graphs in this document are the property
More information33-10-06-03. General requirements. 1. Administrative Controls.
33-10-06-03. General requirements. 1. Administrative Controls. a. Registrant. The registrant shall be responsible for directing the operation of the x-ray systems which have been registered with the department.
More informationPERSONNEL MONITORING AND DOSIMETRY POLICIES
PERSONNEL MONITORING AND DOSIMETRY POLICIES All individuals who are required to have their exposure to ionizing radiation monitored must be trained prior to using the source(s) of radiation. The radioactive
More informationnotes MERRTT IS-302 Radiological Survey Instruments and Dosimetry Devices
INTRODUCTION This module provides general information about radiological survey instruments. Basic functions and limitations are discussed. Because there are many models of survey instruments available,
More informationX-ray (Radiography) - Chest
Scan for mobile link. X-ray (Radiography) - Chest What is a Chest X-ray (Chest Radiography)? The chest x-ray is the most commonly performed diagnostic x-ray examination. A chest x-ray produces images of
More informationMinnesota Radiological Emergency Preparedness (REP) Emergency Worker Handbook
Minnesota Radiological Emergency Preparedness (REP) Emergency Worker Handbook The Emergency Worker Handbook includes information about responding to a radiological emergency at one of the nuclear power
More informationRevised Radiation Protection Guidance for Diagnostic and Interventional X-ray Procedures
Revised Radiation Protection Guidance for Diagnostic and Interventional X-ray Procedures Mike Boyd US EPA Office of Radiation and Indoor Air NRSB Meeting July 20, 2010 What is Federal Guidance? 2 What
More informationX-RAY OPERATOR TRAINING
RMS-008 Feb 15, 2007 Page CHAPTER 1 - RADIATION PROTECTION PRINCIPLES...2 A. OBJECTIVES... 2 B. ATOMS... 2 C. IONIZATION... 3 D. RADIATION... 3 E. UNITS... 4 F. BACKGROUND RADIATION... 4 G. DOSE LIMITS...
More informationStrahlenschutzbelehrung Allgemeiner Teil. Radiation Protection
1 Radiation Protection 2 Why radiation protection? - Ionizing radiation (>5eV -> UV; X-rays;α,β,γ-radiation)has physical, chemical and biological effects -> human tissue (70% water!) and genetic material
More informationNHS Imaging and Radiodiagnostic activity in England. 2012/13 Release. August 2013
NHS Imaging and Radiodiagnostic activity in England 2012/13 Release August 2013 Commentary This National Statistics release covers Imaging and Radiodiagnostic examinations or tests carried out in the NHS
More informationFocused Learning Lesson Physical Science Grade Levels 9 12 PS-H-G4
Focused Learning Lesson Physical Science Grade Levels 9 12 PS-H-G4 Overview: This lesson provides students the opportunity to study positive and negative aspects of various types of energy through critical
More informationRadiation Safety and Physics Howard C. Snider, Jr., MD, FACS Montgomery, AL
Radiation Safety and Physics Howard C. Snider, Jr., MD, FACS Montgomery, AL Radiation technology is increasingly involved in the care of breast patients in the modern era, both in the diagnosis of benign
More informationR. Julian Preston NHEERL U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park North Carolina. Ninth Beebe Symposium December 1, 2010
Low Dose Risk Estimation: The Changing Face of Radiation Risk Assessment? R. Julian Preston NHEERL U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park North Carolina Ninth Beebe Symposium December
More informationMUTATION AND MUTAGENS
MUTATION AND MUTAGENS DEFINITIONS mutation; a sudden, heritable change in the DNA There are many terms that are used to describe mutations: At the level of the organism or phenotype expressed: recessive
More informationRadiation Safety Training
Radiation Safety Training Basic Radiation Safety Training for X-ray Users for Physics 461 & 462 Modern Physics Laboratory Spring 2007 Radiation Safety Department, University of Tennessee Standard Operating
More informationResponding to requests from hospitals and ambulance service providers throughout
-1- PREFACE Responding to requests from hospitals and ambulance service providers throughout the state, this guide was initially developed in 1995 with the assistance of medical experts from a number of
More informationUniversity of Colorado Radiology Dose-Risk Smartcard
University of Colorado Radiology Dose-Risk Smartcard Estimates of cancer risk from the low-dose radiation exposures in this card come from ICRP-103 and BEIR-VII (see references). These studies assume a
More informationAST Standards of Practice for Ionizing Radiation Exposure in the Perioperative Setting
AST Standards of Practice for Ionizing Radiation Exposure in the Perioperative Setting The following Standards of Practice were researched and authored by the AST Education and Professional Standards Committee
More informationLesson 43: Alpha, Beta, & Gamma Decay
Lesson 43: Alpha, Beta, & Gamma Decay The late 18s and early 19s were a period of intense research into the new nuclear realm of physics. In 1896 Henri Becquerel found that a sample of uranium he was doing
More informationRadiologic Technology Training Program
Radiologic Technology Training Program 438 Radiologic Technology Training Program Radiologic Technology Training Program Program Coordinator: Mansour, Zepure General Information The Radiologic Technology
More informationSarasota County Schools
Nuclear Radiation Of nearly 2000 known isotopes, there are more radioactive (unstable) isotopes than there are nonradioactive (stable) isotopes. Actually, most isotopes you encounter are not radioactive.
More informationMarlene M Johnson, MEd, R.T.(R)
Radiation Protection Education in Fluoroscopy Marlene M Johnson, MEd, R.T.(R) Potential biological damage from radiation received during fluoroscopy procedures is of particular concern because of the high
More informationDose Standards and Methods for Protection. Radiation and Contamination
Dose Standards and Methods for Protection Against Radiation and Contamination This section will discuss the NRC dose standards and the methods used to protect individuals from the harmful effects of radiation
More information6 RADIATION DOSE, RADIATION PROTECTION AND THE IONISING RADIATIONS REGULATIONS
6 RADIATION DOSE, RADIATION PROTECTION AND THE IONISING RADIATIONS REGULATIONS Overview This chapter discusses the issues of radiation dose, radiation protection and the relevant aspects of United Kingdom
More informationProduction of X-rays. Radiation Safety Training for Analytical X-Ray Devices Module 9
Module 9 This module presents information on what X-rays are and how they are produced. Introduction Module 9, Page 2 X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation. Other types of electromagnetic radiation
More informationChapter 15 Radiation in the Environment 1
Nuclear Science A Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart 2003 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Chapter 15 Radiation in the Environment 1 Many forms of radiation are encountered in the natural
More informationWorking Safely With Nuclear Gauges
Working Safely With Nuclear Gauges Working Safely With Nuclear Gauges Working Safely With Nuclear Gauges INFO-9999-4 (E) Revision 2 Published by the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission This publication
More information3rd International Symposium of the System of Radiological Protection Seoul, Korea, 20-22 October 2015
3rd International Symposium of the System of Radiological Protection Seoul, Korea, 20-22 October 2015 Dr. Pedro Ortiz López Member of ICRP Committee 3 on Radiological Protection in Medicine 2 1895 Discovery
More information1. Orthovoltage vs. megavoltage x-rays. (AL) External beam radiation sources: Orthovoltage radiotherapy: 200-500 kv range
1. Orthovoltage vs. megavoltage x-rays. (AL) External beam radiation sources: Orthovoltage radiotherapy: 200-500 kv range The radiation from orthovoltage units is referred to as x-rays, generated by bombarding
More informationRadiation Safety at LLNL General Employee Radiological Training GERT HS6001-W
Radiation Safety at LLNL General Employee Radiological Training HS6001-W UCRL-BR-235771 February 2015 DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States
More informationRadiological Worker Training
Radiological Worker Training Study Guide ESH713 Radiological Worker Training for X-ray Users Modules 1-5, plus Lessons Learned ESH700 Radiological Worker Training Level I Modules 1-7, plus Lessons Learned
More informationRadiological Worker Training Radiological Safety Training for Radiation Producing (X-Ray) Devices
NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE Appendix C December 2008 DOE HANDBOOK Radiological Worker Training Radiological Safety Training for Radiation Producing (X-Ray) Devices U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C.
More informationSTATE OF NEBRASKA STATUTES RELATING TO MEDICAL RADIOGRAPHY PRACTICE ACT
2010 STATE OF NEBRASKA STATUTES RELATING TO MEDICAL RADIOGRAPHY PRACTICE ACT Department of Health and Human Services Division of Public Health Licensure Unit 301 Centennial Mall South, Third Floor PO Box
More informationThe Field. Radiologic technologists take x-rays and administer nonradioactive materials into patients' bloodstreams for diagnostic purposes.
Radiologic Technologist Overview The Field - Specialty Areas - Preparation - Day in the Life - Earnings - Employment - Career Path Forecast - Professional Organizations The Field Radiologic technologists
More informationRADIATION SAFETY MANUAL
Approved by the University Radiation Safety Committee 2014 - September 29 Table of Contents i. Scope and Purpose...3 ii. Abbreviations...4 iii. Glossary of Terms / Definitions...5 iv. Concordia University
More informationU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Radiology Tech
From the: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Radiology Tech What They Do Radiologic technologists (RTs) perform diagnostic imaging examinations, such as x rays, on patients. Duties RTs typically do the following:
More informationTEMPLE UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND RADIATION SAFETY
Page 1 of 7 ISSUED: 5/00 REVISED: 08/06 1. Potential Releases of Radioactive Materials to Unrestricted Areas The Environmental Health and Safety Department (EHRS) must be notified immediately if an emergency
More informationRADIATION AND HEALTH NOVEMBER 1996
RADIATION AND HEALTH NOVEMBER 1996 Radiation and Health in Durham Region Durham Region Health Department November, 1996 Executive Summary All humans are exposed to ionizing radiation from the atmosphere,
More informationReceiving Radioactive Iodine for Thyroid Cancer
Patient Education Receiving Radioactive Iodine for Thyroid Cancer Information, instructions, and precautions This handout gives instructions for patients who will receive radioactive iodine as part of
More informationAssessing Radiation Dose: How to Do It Right
Assessing Radiation Dose: How to Do It Right Michael McNitt-Gray, PhD, DABR, FAAPM Professor, Department of Radiology Director, UCLA Biomedical Physics Graduate Program David Geffen School of Medicine
More informationRecognition. Radiation Survey Objectives. Objectives. Part 1 Documentation Radiation Source Survey Objectives Radiation Detectors Techniques
Recognition I will take this opportunity to recognize and thank the following people s contributions to this presentation. Considerations for: Diagnostic Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and, Oncology M. S.
More informationImage Quality and Radiation Dose for Intraoral Radiography: Hand-Held Held (Nomad), Battery Powered
Image Quality and Radiation Dose for Intraoral Radiography: Hand-Held Held (Nomad), Battery Powered vs. Wall-Mount X-Ray X Systems Edgar Bailey*, MSEHE, CHP Consultant Joel Gray*, PhD, FAAPM DIQUAD, LLC
More information3701-72-03 Standards for accreditation of educational programs and approval of continuing education courses.
1 3701-72-03 Standards for accreditation of educational programs and approval of continuing education courses. (A) Any person may apply to the director for approval to conduct an educational program for
More informationStem Cell Quick Guide: Stem Cell Basics
Stem Cell Quick Guide: Stem Cell Basics What is a Stem Cell? Stem cells are the starting point from which the rest of the body grows. The adult human body is made up of hundreds of millions of different
More informationRadiological protection education and training for healthcare staff and students
1 2 ICRP ref 4811-3039-3350 May 5, 2010 3 4 5 6 Radiological protection education and training for healthcare staff and students 7 8 9 10 11 Chairman: Eliseo Vano Full Members (ICRP Committee 3 members):
More informationX-ray Safety Manual 2013
X-ray Safety Manual 2013 X-ray Machines and Other Ionizing Radiation Producing Devices The guidelines in this manual, when followed will ensure that appropriate protective and regulatory actions required
More informationBASIC X-RAY SAFETY COURSE FOR USERS OF X-RAY EQUIPMENT IN ACADEMIC RESEARCH
BASIC X-RAY SAFETY COURSE FOR USERS OF X-RAY EQUIPMENT IN ACADEMIC RESEARCH A Short Course offered by: The Radiation Safety Office University Of South Carolina 306 Benson School Columbia, SC 29208 Phone:
More informationLeukemia and Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
Leukemia and Exposure to Ionizing Radiation Summary: Strong evidence has been recorded of a possible connection between forms of leukemia and exposure to ionizing radiation. This evidence is based upon
More informationPatient Exposure Doses During Diagnostic Radiography
Patient Exposure Doses During Diagnostic Radiography JMAJ 44(11): 473 479, 2001 Shoichi SUZUKI Associated Professor, Faculty of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University
More informationSOURCES AND EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION
SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2008 Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes VOLUME I UNITED NATIONS
More informationmedical diagnostics caesium-137 naturally occurring radio nuclides in the food radon in indoor air potassium in the body
Summary The radiation environment to which the population of Sweden is exposed is dominated by medical investigations and background radiation from the ground and building materials in our houses. That
More informationThe University of Southern Maine. XRF X-Ray Radiation Protection Program
The University of Southern Maine XRF X-Ray Radiation Protection Program 1 University of Southern Maine Department of Environmental Sciences 105 Bailey Gorham Hand Held XRF Analyzer X-Ray Radiation Protection
More information