Name Class Date. How are temperature and energy related? What are the three common temperature scales? Why do objects feel hot or cold?
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1 CHAPTER 14 SECTION Heat and Temperature 1 Temperature KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: How are temperature and energy related? What are the three common temperature scales? Why do objects feel hot or cold? What Is Temperature? When you touch the hood of a car, you can feel if it is hot or cold. If someone asks you to describe the temperature of the car, you may use those words to describe it. However, the words hot and cold are not very precise terms. In science, we need to describe temperature in a more precise way. To describe temperature precisely, you must first know what temperature is. Temperature is closely related to energy. Remember that matter is made up of particles, such as atoms and molecules. These particles are constantly moving, so they have kinetic energy. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of all of the particles in an object. People take temperature readings every day. In most cases, people use a thermometer to measure the temperature of an object. A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. However, thermometers do not directly measure the average kinetic energy of particles. Instead, most thermometers measure the effects of changes in the kinetic energy of particles. READING TOOLBOX Ask Questions As you read this section, write down any questions you have. When you finish reading, try to figure out the answers to your questions by discussing them with a partner. 1. Identify Relationships How is temperature related to kinetic energy? Discuss In a small group, talk about why it is important to know the temperatures of certain things. People use different kinds of thermometers to measure the temperatures of different things. For example, we use a different kind of thermometer to measure the temperature outside than to measure our body temperatures. Interactive Reader 299 Heat and Temperature
2 2. Review What happens to temperature as kinetic energy increases? 3. Predict Consequences Imagine a liquid that contracts when its temperature increases. If that liquid were used in a thermometer, what would happen to the liquid level when temperature increased? How Do Thermometers Work? The particles in an object with a high temperature have a great deal of kinetic energy. Remember that the kinetic energy of an object is related to its speed. The faster the object is moving, the higher its kinetic energy. Therefore, the particles in a hot object are moving quickly. However, we can t measure the kinetic energy of every particle in an object. How, then, can we measure temperature? To measure temperature using a thermometer, we rely on the fact that most substances expand when their temperature increases. This is because the particles are moving faster and have more kinetic energy. Therefore, when the particles collide, they move farther away from one another. As the particles move apart, the substance expands. A common thermometer contains a hollow tube with some liquid, such as mercury or colored alcohol, in it. On the outside of the tube, there are markings for different temperatures. If the kinetic energy of the particles in the liquid increases, the liquid expands. It rises up the tube. The liquid reaches a higher temperature marking. In this way, we can measure the temperature of a material. Thermometers like this one rely on liquid expansion to measure temperature. 4. Describe What does a thermostat do? METAL EXPANSION IN THERMOSTATS Most metals also expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled. This property of metals is used in a thermostat. A thermostat measures and controls the temperature inside a house, building, or machine. A thermostat contains a coil made of strips of two different types of metal. These two metals expand and contract by different amounts. As the temperature falls, the metal coil unwinds. This moves the pointer on the thermostat to a lower temperature reading. When the temperature rises, the coil winds up. This moves the pointer on the thermostat in the opposite direction, to a higher temperature reading. Interactive Reader 300 Heat and Temperature
3 The coil inside a thermostat is made of two different metals. The metals expand at different rates when the temperature changes. This causes the coil to tighten or loosen. As the coil moves, the pointer moves to a different temperature reading. Iron Copper Room temperature 5. Explain What causes the pointer on a thermostat to move to a different temperature reading? Hot Cold What Are the Three Temperature Scales? If you hear someone say that it is 37 degrees outside, would you think that it is hot or cold? Would you wear a sweater or a T-shirt? It depends on which scale the person is using to measure temperature. There are three different temperature scales that are commonly used. They are the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. People in the United States mainly use the Fahrenheit scale to measure temperature. The units on the Fahrenheit scale are called degrees Fahrenheit (ºF). Water freezes at 32 ºF and boils at 212 ºF. Most countries other than the United States use the Celsius scale to measure temperature. Many scientists also use this scale. The units on the Celsius scale are called degrees Celsius (ºC). Water freezes at 0 ºC and boils at 100 ºC. You can convert, or change, temperature measurements in degrees Fahrenheit to measurements in degrees Celsius. To do this, use the equations below. Fahrenheit temperature = (1.8 Celsius temperature ) = 1.8T C Fahrenheit temperature 32.0 Celsius temperature = 1.8 T C = T 32.0 F Identify What are the three main temperature scales? Math Skills 7. Convert People sometimes write the 1.8 in the equations to the left as a fraction instead of a decimal. What is 1.8 written as a fraction? Interactive Reader 301 Heat and Temperature
4 Reading Check 8. Describe In theory, what would happen to the particles in a substance at absolute zero? Reading Check 9. Explain Why can t there be negative temperatures on the Kelvin scale? ABSOLUTE ZERO AND THE KELVIN SCALE You have probably heard people give temperatures in negative degrees Celsius or negative degrees Fahrenheit. This is because even below temperatures of 0 ºC or 0 ºF, particles are still moving. These particles still have kinetic energy, so they still have a temperature. However, in theory, there is a point at which all of the particles in a substance stop moving. It is called absolute zero. Based on mathematical calculations and experiments, scientists have determined that absolute zero is equal to C. The temperature of outer space is very close to absolute zero. However, in reality, an object can never reach exactly absolute zero. This is because the particles in an object never completely stop moving. Absolute zero is the basis for the Kelvin temperature scale. Many scientists use the Kelvin scale to measure temperature. The units for the Kelvin scale are called kelvins (K). On this scale, absolute zero is 0 K. Temperature measurements on the Kelvin scale do not use the degree sign (º). There are no negative temperature values on the Kelvin scale. This is because absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature. Remember that absolute zero is equal to 0 K and C. Therefore, you can convert between the Kelvin and Celsius scales using the equation below: Kelvin temperature = Celsius temperature T K = T C Some recent scientific experiments have reached temperatures near absolute zero. Scientists have found that matter behaves in very unusual ways at such low temperatures. For example, friction seems to disappear between many surfaces near absolute zero. The table below summarizes the main differences between the three main temperature scales. The figure at the top of the next page shows some common temperatures on all three scales. Scale Temperature at which water freezes Temperature at which water boils Absolute zero temperature Fahrenheit 32 F 212 F F Celsius 0 C 100 C C Kelvin K K 0 K Interactive Reader 302 Heat and Temperature
5 Common Temperatures on Three Temperature Scales Water boils Summer day in desert Human body temperature Warm room Cool room Water freezes Winter day in plains Winter day in tundra Identify What is average human body temperature in degrees Celsius? Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin 11. Identify At what temperature on the Kelvin scale does water boil? CONVERTING BETWEEN TEMPERATURE SCALES Let s try a problem converting between the different temperature scales. The highest temperature recorded on Earth was 57.8 ºC, in Libya. What is this same temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and in kelvins? Step 1: List the given and unknown values. Step 2: Write the equations. Given: Celsius temperature, T C = 57.8 C = 1.8T C T K = T C Unknown: Fahrenheit temperature, Kelvin temperature, T K Math Skills 12. Convert The melting point of gold is 1,064 C. What is its melting point in degrees Fahrenheit? Show your work. Step 3: Insert the known values and solve for the unknown values. = C = 136 F T K = 57.8 C T K = 331 K So, 57.8 ºC is the same as 136 ºF and 331 K. Interactive Reader 303 Heat and Temperature
6 13. Identify When two objects touch, in which direction does energy move? How Are Temperature and Energy Transfer Related? What makes something feel hot or cold? The answer has to do with how energy moves between objects. When two objects at different temperatures are touching, energy moves from one object to the other. This is called energy transfer. Energy moves from the object with a higher temperature to the object with a lower temperature. Objects feel hot or cold because of this energy transfer. For example, imagine holding a piece of ice in your hand. The temperature of your hand is higher than the temperature of the ice. In other words, the molecules in your hand are moving faster than the molecules in the ice. Energy moves from your hand into the ice. The molecules in the ice move faster. Their kinetic energy and their temperature increases. Where does the energy to raise the temperature of the ice come from? Your hand. Your body loses energy when it is transferred to the ice. The nerves in your skin sense this loss of energy. They send a signal to your brain. Your brain interprets the signal as a feeling of coldness. In a similar way, energy from a high-temperature object will move into your body. Your brain interprets this as a feeling of heat. 14. Describe If you are holding a hot object, does energy flow into or out of your hand? Glass of ice water Cup of hot tea 15. Illustrate On the figure, draw arrows in each picture to show the direction in which heat moves. Energy flows from objects at high temperatures to objects at lower temperatures. Interactive Reader 304 Heat and Temperature
7 HEAT The energy that is transferred between objects at different temperatures is called heat. Heat always moves from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature. If two objects are at the same temperature, no heat will move between them. Heat moves between two objects until their temperatures are equal. At that point, the particles in both objects have the same amount of kinetic energy. RATE OF ENERGY TRANSFER The difference in temperature between two objects can tell you the direction in which heat will flow. The difference in temperature between two objects can also tell you how fast heat will flow. The greater the temperature difference, the faster heat flows. For example, imagine two containers of water. The water in one container has a temperature of 60 C. The water in the other container has a temperature of 40 C. Both containers are in a room. The air in the room has a temperature of 10 C, as shown below. 16. Apply Concepts A student places a cup of cold water on a counter in a warm room. The student measures the temperature of the water every minute until it stops changing. The water s final temperature is 28 C. What is the final temperature of the room? Rate of heat transfer from container A Container A: water at 60 C Rate of heat transfer from container B air: 10 C Container B: water at 40 C 17. Identify Which container of water will lose heat the fastest? Explain your answer. Heat will flow from the water in the containers into the air in the room. As heat flows, the temperature of the water will decrease, and the temperature of the air will increase. Heat will flow out of the warmer water faster than out of the cooler water. As the temperature of the water gets close to the temperature of the air, heat flows more slowly. Interactive Reader 305 Heat and Temperature
8 Section 1 Review Section Vocabulary absolute zero the temperature at which molecular energy is at a minimum (0 K on the Kelvin scale or ºC on the Celsius scale) heat the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures; energy is always transferred from higher-temperature objects to lower-temperature objects until thermal equilibrium is reached temperature a measure of how hot (or cold) something is; specifically, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object thermometer an instrument that measures and indicates temperature 1. Compare How is temperature related to heat? 2. Calculate The thermometer in an air-conditioned room reads 20.0 ºC. What is the temperature of the room in degrees Fahrenheit and in kelvins? Show your work. 3. Compare Which atoms are moving faster: those in a spoon at 0 ºF or those in a fork at 0 ºC? Explain your answer. (Hint: Which is the higher temperature, 0 ºF or 0 ºC?) 4. Identify Problems A student is doing an experiment to determine the effects of temperature on an object. He writes down that the initial temperature of the object was 3.5 ºK. Identify two errors in the student s recorded temperature. 5. Calculate A sample of liquid nitrogen has a temperature of ºF. What is its temperature in degrees Celsius and in kelvins? Show your work. (Hint: Use the temperature in degrees Celsius to calculate the temperature in kelvins.) Interactive Reader 306 Heat and Temperature
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