1 Chapter 5: Languages

Transcription

1 1 Chapter 5: Languages Introducing: Languages (p.140) language and culture language distributions Language is like luggage. Figure 5-1 Key Issue 1: Where Are Languages Distributed? How many languages do you speak? language literary tradition official language Figure 5-2 English as an official language ethnologue speakers of different languages 85 languages language families language branch language group Classification of Languages

2 2 Chapter 5: Languages Figure 5-3 Figure 5-4 Two-Thirds of the people.. Distribution of Language Families Indo-European Sino-Tibetan Figure 5-5 North America South America Europe Africa Middle East South Asia East and Southeast Asia Oceania Other Asian Language Families

3 3 Chapter 5: Languages Austronesian Austro-Asiatic Tai Kadai Japanese Korean Languages of Southwest Asia and North Africa and Central Asia Afro-Asiatic Altaic Uralic African Language Families Niger-Congo Nilo-Saharan Khoisan Figure 5-8 Key Issue 2: Why is English Related to Other Languages? Distribution of Indo-European Branches Germanic Branch Western Germanic Scandinavia Figure 5-9

4 4 Chapter 5: Languages Indo-Iranian Branch Indic (Eastern) Group Hindi India s languages Urdu Figure 5-10 Figure 5-11 Iranian (Western) Group Balto-Slavic Branch East Slavic and Baltic Groups Russian Figure 5-12 West and South Slavic Groups Cyrillic Bosnian Muslims Romance Branch European regions Figure 5-13 difficulty in trying to establish

5 5 Chapter 5: Languages Catalan Origin and Diffusion of Language Families Origin and Diffusion of English German Invasion England Figure 5-15 Norman Invasion Normandy Modern English Diffusion to North America Origin and Diffusion of Romance Languages Roman Empire Latin Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European Porto-Indo-European Nomadic Warrior Hypothesis Sedentary Farmer hypothesis Indo-European dissuasion Figure 5-18 Figure 5-19

6 6 Chapter 5: Languages Key Issue 3: Why Do Individual Languages Vary among Places? dialect isogloss Dialects of English Dialect in the United States Figure 5-20 Settlement in the East New England Southeastern Midlands Current Dialect Differences in the East Pronunciation Differences Figure 5-21 diffusion of particular English dialects Figure 5-22 Dialects in the United Kingdom standard language Received Pronunciation Figure 5-23 English dialects

7 7 Chapter 5: Languages British and American English Dialects Vocabulary Spelling Figure 5-24 Pronunciation England vs. USA Distinguishing between Languages and Dialects Romance Branch Dialects Spanish and Portuguese Dialect or Langauge? Languages of Italy Catalan-Valencian-Balear Galician Moldovan Creole Langaues creolized language Key Issue 4: Why Do People Preserve Local Languages? fate of culture group Langauge Diversity Multilingual States

8 8 Chapter 5: Languages Belgium Figure 5-27 Southern Belgium Northern Belgium Switzerland Figure 5-29 Nigeria Figure 5-30 Isolated Langauges A Pre-Indo-European Survivor: Basque An Unchanging Langauge: Icelandic A Discovered Language: Koro Aka Extinct and Revived Languages Many Extinct Languages: Native Americans An Extinct Language: Gothic Reviving and Extinct Langauge Hebrew Preserving Endangered Languages: Celtic Welsh

9 9 Chapter 5: Languages Irish Breton Scottish Cornish Preserving Aboriginal and Maori in Australia and New Zealand Australia New Zealand Preserving Occitan in France French Dialects Preserving Lesser-Used Langauges Global Dominance of English Figure 5-42 English: An Example of a Lingua Franca pidgin language global dominace The Death of English as a Lingua Franca? Expansion Diffusion of English

10 10 Chapter 5: Languages African American English Appalachian English Diffusion to Other Languages Franglais Spanglish Denglish Spanish and French in the Untied States and Canada Spanish-Speaking United States Figure 5-48 French-Speaking Canada Figure 5-49 English on the Internet Figure 5-50