Introduction to Policy Writing for Public Policy Professionals

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1 Introduction to Policy Writing for Public Policy Professionals A Practitioner-led Workshop Ian Doughty idoughty@deloitte.com ian_doughty@uchicago.edu

2 Who are you, what is policy writing, and why should I care? In public policy work, if you can t write it or say it, you can t do it. Writing as communication; communication as the imperative to action Background

3 Agenda Introduction What this session is and what it isn t The Ten Commandments Political Constraints on the Policy Memo Different Types of Written Products The Logical Fallacies (if we have time) Q&A

4 What this session is: An introduction to the importance of written communication in public discourse and in public decision-making An introduction to some tools for producing relevant, useful material in the professional public policy analysis arena An introduction to some of the various species of written communication that you will be asked to produce on the first day of your jobs An introduction to the constraints that surround effective communication in the public arena

5 What this session isn t: An English composition lesson A guide to how you should write in an academic environment A guide to how your PEPP instructor wants you to write your memos

6 Academic vs. Professional Policy Writing Academic Policy

7 The Ten Commandments The three conceptual laws: 1. Thou shall understand the audience for which you are writing 2. Thou shall understand the purpose of the memo 3. Thou shall anticipate the overriding goal that is being advanced

8 Understand what Audience you are writing the memo for Easier said than done. Here are some starting points: Technical vs. non-technical Decision Maker vs. Advisor Single vs. multiple intended recipients Legislative, Judicial or Executive Internal vs. External Remember: You may not be writing for professors anymore

9 Understand what Purpose the memo is meant to have Why are you being asked to write this memo? To inform a backgrounder, a lit review To contextualize a legislative history To analyze a post-mortem, a white paper, a business case To recommend an option paper To justify a crisis response, a political strategy memo To defend talking points, media advisories Remember: Memo writing is not an exercise in telling someone everything that you know about a topic.

10 Understand what the Meta-Goal of the memo is In what context is this memo needed? In response to a crisis outside our control In response to a self-inflicted crisis To build support for an initiative To provide decision-support for an initiative To provide political cover To further an agenda Whose agenda? Remember: your writings or those attributed to you will follow you forever (just ask Glen Poshard or Al Gonzales).

11 The Ten Commandments The grammatical laws: 4. Thou shall be concise 5. Thou shall proofread 6. Thou shall submit to the editorial process

12 The Ten Commandments The stylistic laws: 7. Thou shall not use acronyms without definitions 8. Thou shall not use overwrought, clichéd jargon 9. Thou shall not make assertions that are unsupportable 10. Thou shall anticipate counter-arguments

13 The Constraints of the Policy Memo in the Political Arena Social and Hierarchical Roles Co-construction of Meaning Permanence Exogenous Events Strategic and Political Landscape Editorial Process Principals and Agents Value of Time and Information

14 On the Impact of Social and Hierarchical Roles Example: Is the memo coming out Vice President Cheney s office, or is it coming out of Vice President Quayle s office? Where are you in the hierarchy and how does that impact your analysis?

15 On the Co-Construction of Meaning Example: How will religious conservatives understand a term, versus how the general public will understand a term. What language you use is only half the battle you must understand how your audience will interpret your words.

16 On the Permanence of Written Materials Example: Torture Memos How will what I write be interpreted in the future?

17 On the Impact of Exogenous Events Example: The Hurricane Pam Report on August 15, 2005, vs. the Hurricane Pam Report on September 15, Or, Osama Bin Laden Determined to Attack in the United States External events can change the value, importance, substance and meaning of policy memos virtually in the blink of an eye

18 On the Relevance of the Strategic and Political Landscape Example: Eisenhower s farewell address to the nation; military-industrial complex. What the landscape looks like dictates how your memo will be read and understood.

19 On the Editorial Process Example: Pre-war intelligence on WMD, and uranium acquisition in Iraq. Who writes only has as much power as who edits gives them.

20 On Principals and Agents Example: Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and April Glaspie - US Ambassador to Iraq in 1990 Who are you writing for? Are they the principal, or are they an agent? What is the agent s agenda? Is it the same as yours? As the principal s? Does the Agent understand YOUR agenda?

21 On Bureaucracy Example: FBI, CIA, NSA non-cooperation How many layers does your memo have to penetrate? How do institutional dynamics inhibit information flow?

22 Several Different Types of Written Products The Lit Review The Backgrounder The Leg History The White Paper The One Pager Talking Points The Op-Ed

23 The Source Literature Review Length 1 or 2 pages Purpose familiarize yourself and others with the existing source material Builds familiarity with the topic and with the information landscape around it

24 The Background Paper Length no more than 5 pages Purpose familiarize an audience with the topic at hand and with the major policy controversy involved Builds familiarity with the topic and with the information landscape around it

25 The Legislative History Length no more than 5 pages Purpose familiarize an audience with the prior legislative activity surrounding the topic at the Federal, State or local level Builds familiarity with the topic and with the information landscape around it

26 The White Paper/Option Paper Length 2 or 3 pages Purpose To present an argument and a series of options to pursue in support of a proposed course of action Builds skill in forming arguments and designing strategies

27 The One Pager Length 1 page Purpose to familiarize an executive/decision-maker about your topic in such a way that they can internalize a large body of information and speak about it intelligibly on short notice Builds skill in editing and concision

28 Media Talking Points Length ½ to 1 page Purpose to provide an executive/decision-maker with enough information about your topic to survive a media confrontation with their credibility on the topic intact Builds concision and strategic thinking skills

29 The Op-Ed Piece Length 500 to 1000 words Purpose to present an argument on your topic in a way that uses no jargon and that is broadly intelligible to someone with no prior exposure to the information Builds strategic editing skills; media methods familiarity

30 The Logical Fallacies Use them Don t abuse them Recognize their use in your opponent s work Recognize their power Recognize the futility of falling into a argument about them

31 Fallacies of Relevance Ad hominem Appeal to Consequences Bandwagon Fallacy of inept argument

32 Fallacies of Presumption False Dilemma Circularity Post hoc ergo propter hoc He s nae a trrrue Scotsman Tu Quoque

33 Fallacies of Ambiguity Straw Man

34 Suggested Readings Bardach, E. (2000). A practical guide for policy analysis : the eightfold path to more effective problem solving. New York, Chatham House Publishers/Seven Bridges Press. Coplin, William and Michael O Leary. Public Policy Skills. 3 rd Ed. Croton-on-Hudson, NY: Policy Studies Associates, 1998 Martin, Wanda and Scott P. Sanders. Ethics, Audience and the Writing Process: Bringing Public Issues into the Classroom. Technical Communication Quarterly 3 (1994): Ramage, John D., and John C. Bean. Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings. 4 th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Simon, H. A. (1997). Administrative behavior : a study of decision-making processes in administrative organizations. New York, Free Press. Smith, C. F. (2005). Writing public policy : a practical guide to communicating in the policy-making process. New York, Oxford University Press. Wilson, J. Q. (1989). Bureaucracy : what government agencies do and why they do it. New York, Basic Books. Wright, J. R. (1996). Interest groups and Congress : lobbying, contributions, and influence. Boston, Allyn and Bacon.

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