J. Danielewicz a, N. Fidorów a, P. Jadwiszczak a & M. Szulgowska- Zgrzywa a a Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Air Conditioning

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1 This article was downloaded by: [Politechnika Wroclawska] On: 17 October 2013, At: 01:33 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: Registered office: Mortimer House, Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: The Exploitation Costs for Various Heating Systems According to the Energetic Certification Law in Poland J. Danielewicz a, N. Fidorów a, P. Jadwiszczak a & M. Szulgowska- Zgrzywa a a Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Air Conditioning and Heating, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland Published online: 16 Oct To cite this article: J. Danielewicz, N. Fidorów, P. Jadwiszczak & M. Szulgowska-Zgrzywa (2014) The Exploitation Costs for Various Heating Systems According to the Energetic Certification Law in Poland, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 9:3, , DOI: / To link to this article: PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the Content ) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

2 Energy Sources, Part B, 9: , 2014 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: print/ online DOI: / The Exploitation Costs for Various Heating Systems According to the Energetic Certification Law in Poland J. Danielewicz, 1 N. Fidorów, 1 P. Jadwiszczak, 1 and M. Szulgowska-Zgrzywa 1 1 Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Air Conditioning and Heating, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland In connection with the implementation of the energetic certification law in the European Union the issues relating to an air-to-water heat pump performance in a monovalent system in European climatic conditions have been discussed in this article. Running costs for an air-to-water heat pump-based system and conventional systems have been estimated. Analysis based on the law and concerned mono mode operation of a heat pump has been carried out for a classic single family house that has been built according to the standards and regulations valid in Poland. Keywords: air-to-water heat pump, end-use energy, energetic certification, heating costs, heating system efficiency, primary energy INTRODUCTION In connection with implementation of the law about energetic certification in the European Union (EU) and as result also in Poland and because this law obliges people to reduce energy consumption for heating and domestic hot water preparation and promotes the use of energy from renewable sources, an analysis of the exploitation costs for various heating systems for a newly-built house localized in Poland near to Wrocław has been carried out. A building that has been subjected to analysis is built according to the current requirements concerning thermal insulating power. An analysis has been carried out for the conventional systems based on a condensation gas boiler, oil stove, and electric heating system based on an air-to-water heat pump that utilizes a renewable energy contained in external air. The analysis is based on certification law. A heat pump works in mono mode, as the only heat source for the building. Energetic Certification And Law Aspects In the European Union member countries a directive (Directive 2002/91/EC) (European Parliament and Council, 2002) has been enforced that concerns energetic characteristics for the improvement of the buildings. Implementation of this directive should result in a reduction of energy utilization for heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) and domestic hot water Address correspondence to Natalia Fidorów, Institute of Air Conditioning and Heating, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Technology, Norwida St. 4/6 (C-6 building), Wrocław, Poland. natalia.fidorow@pwr.wroc.pl 301

3 302 J. DANIELEWICZ ET AL. preparation purposes. In the EU countries share of the energy used for heating in buildings in global energy consumption exceeds 40% (Directive 2002/91/EC); in Poland it reaches 34% according to the National Agency of Energy Consideration s own calculations based on Central Statistic Office data (TNS OBOP, 2007). In Poland, according to the polish act of parliament No 75 position 690 from year 2002 with further changes (Ministry of Infrastructure, 2002) a number of requirements for the energy consumption for newly-built buildings have to be fulfilled. Requirements are found fulfilled if the external walls, windows, and other construction bulkheads meet the insulating power requirements or the EP index, in (kwhr/m 2 a), is below permissible value. The primary energy (energia pierwotna; EP) index describes calculated annual demand for the non-renewable primary energy for HVAC and preparation of domestic hot water for the building. According to Polish law, maximum EP index values are dependent on the building shape index A/Ve, where A is a sum of the external contour areas in the building that separates the heated part of the building from external air, ground, and adjoining non-heated spaces and Ve is a heated part cubature of the building also calculated on the external contour without arcades, balconies, loggias, galleries, etc. EP index maximum values for the residential buildings for HVAC and domestic hot water preparation (EP HCW ) equals: a. for A/Ve 0.2; EP HCW D 73 C EP; [kwh/(m 2 a)] b. for 0.2 D A/Ve 1.05; EP HCW D 55 C 90 (A/Ve) C EP; [kwh/(m 2 a)] c. for A/Ve 1.05; EP HCW D C EP; [kwh/(m 2 a)] where EP is an addition for unit demand of an annual non-renewable primary energy for HVAC and domestic hot water preparation; EP D 7800/(300 C 0.1 A f ), where A f is the heated usable area of the building (apartment). Polish Climatic Conditions In Poland the climate is temperate and can be characterized as transitional among maritime and continental (PWN Encyclopedia, 2006). According to the Polish Standards, Poland is divided into five climatic zones with different external design temperatures used for the heat load of the buildings calculation. The design temperatures are from 16 to 24 ı C for different zones (Polish Standards Committee, 1982). Possibility Of Air-to-Water Heat Pump Application For The Building A directive (2002/91/EC, 2002) implemented in EU encourages the use of energy-saving and renewable energy utilizing systems and technologies. One of the appliances that saves primary energy and utilizes renewable energy from the environment is a heat pump. An air-to-water heat pump takes energy from external air (or other suitable air) and transfers it to the heating water that supplies water heaters in the building and heats up domestic water in a tank. For this analysis an air-to-water heat pump has been chosen because its investment costs are lower due to lack of external installation for heat collection and it is suitable for spatial heating as well as domestic hot water preparation. ANALYSIS An analysis of the heating, ventilation and hot water preparation costs for a single family house located in Poland in Wilkszyn village close to Wrocław (climatic zone No. II) had been carried

4 POLISH ENEGETIC CERTIFICATION LAW 303 out. The amount of applied thermal energy for heating and hot water preparation and annual enduse energy consumption for a number of heating systems have been calculated. Systems based on the condensation gas boiler, furnace oil stove, electric heating, and air-to-water heat pump have been taken into consideration during the analysis. The end-use energy consumption level shows if the solution is locally energy saving and environmental friendly. To become convinced if the chosen solution is globally ecologically justified a primary energy consumption needs to be calculated, and has also been calculated for the purposes of this analysis. The annual costs of systems exploitation have been estimated basing on the gas, furnace oil and electric energy prices in Poland for the year 2009). Building Description And Energetic Characteristics A typical one family house, single-story with a useable attic, in a new housing estate has been subjected to analysis. The heated area equals to 278 m 2. A/Ve shape index equals to U factors equal: for walls 0.27, for roof 0.17, for floor on the ground 0.22, for windows 1.6 and for external doors 2.6 W/m 2 K (values fulfill Polish Standards). In the house natural ventilation is implemented. Windows are mostly south-facing. The design heating load equals 13.4 kw (by design external temperature of 18 ı C). Annual applied energy consumption equals 19,585 kwh/a for heating and ventilation, and 3,011 kwh/a for domestic hot water preparation (4 occupants). End-use and primary energy consumption varies depending on the heating source. Materials And Methods The amount of applied thermal energy needed for the heating (Q H;nd ) and hot water preparation (Q W;nd ) have been calculated according to the ordinance No 201, position 1240, from year 2008 (Ministry of Infrastructure, 2008). Annual applied thermal energy equals a building demand resulting from building construction, equipment and climatic conditions. Annual enduse energy consumption (Q K ) is a demand of energy resultant from applied thermal energy and efficiency of the chosen source and system. Values of the efficiency factors have been taken from the ordinance. According to the ordinance the efficiency factor consists of: efficiency of heat generation ( H;g I W;g ), accumulation ( H;s I W;s ), heat transfer ( H;d I W;d ), control system and heat utilization ( H;e I W;e ). End-use energy consumption is calculated according to the formulas: Q K D Q K;H C Q K;W ; (1) Q K;H D Q H;nd H;g H;s H;d H;e ; (2) Q K;W D Q W;nd W;g W;s W;d W;e : (3) To calculate the primary energy consumption (Q P ) the end-use energy and auxiliary energy (E el;pom;h ; E el;pom;w ) have to be multiplied by the coefficient of the input of non-renewable primary energy for energy or energy carrier production and supply to the building (w H ; w W ; w el ). The calculation method is also available from the Minister of Infrastructure ordinance (Ministry

5 304 J. DANIELEWICZ ET AL. of Infrastructure, 2008). Primary energy consumption is calculated according to the formulas: Q P D Q P;H C Q P;W ; (4) Q P;H D w H Q K;H C w el E el;pom;h ; (5) Q P;W D w W Q K;W C w el E el;pom;w : (6) Annual thermal energy costs have been determined by multiplication of annual thermal energy consumption for each system by the unit price of the appropriate energy carrier: gas for a condensation boiler, burning oil for an oil stove and electric energy for an electric heater and heat pump. Heating and domestic hot water preparation systems have been analyzed: 1. A condensation gas boiler located in the house, water heating system with panel radiators, central and local control. Domestic hot water heated by the same boiler, hot water tank according to the low-energetic building standard, installation with circulation circuit, pipes insulated. 2. A low-temperature oil stove, with closed combustion chamber and modular burner located in the house, water heating system with panel radiators, central and local control. Domestic hot water heated by the same stove, hot water tank according to the low-energetic building standard, installation with circulation circuit, pipes insulated. 3. Direct electric heating. Domestic hot water heated by electric accumulation heater with hot water tank according to the low-energetic building standard, installation with circulation circuit, pipes insulated. 4. A system based on an air-to-water heat pump (55/45 ı C), with a buffer tank located in the house, water heating system with panel radiators, central and local control. Domestic hot water heated by the same heat pump, hot water tank according to the low-energetic building standard, installation with circulation circuit, pipes insulated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 1 presents results of the calculations of energy consumption for analyzed heating and domestic hot water preparation systems. Annual applied thermal energy, shown on the left side of chart, has been calculated for the purpose of Energy Performance Certificate preparation. Annual end-use energy consumptions for four different heating systems are presented next to annual applied thermal energy. Differences result from systems and energy sources efficiencies. The system based on an air-to-water heat pump utilizes less energy that results from building demand because a great part of thermal energy is taken from external air, which is a renewable source of energy and does not count toward the overall thermal end-use energy consumption. In Figure 1 it can be seen how the efficiency of the system influences the amount of the heating agent that has to be delivered to the heating system. The non-renewable primary energy demand for the systems is shown in the Figure 2. The chart shows the global influence of the systems on the environment. In Polish conditions, where electrical energy is mainly produced in coal-fired power plants, gains obtained by utilizing renewable energy by an air-to-water heat pump are negated by inefficient and environmental unfriendly electric energy production. Having end-use energy calculated, the annual exploitation costs were estimated. Results are presented in the Figure 3. Costs are given in Polish currency (PLN) and the Euro (EUR) on the left

6 POLISH ENEGETIC CERTIFICATION LAW 305 FIGURE 1 Annual applied energy need for a single family house and end-use energy for the same house for various energy sources. and right axis respectively. Unit prices of the energy carriers amount: C EGas D PLN/kWh D EUR/kWh, C EOil D PLN/kWh D EUR/kWh, C EEl D PLN/kWh D EUR/kWh. Comparing Figures 1 and 3 it can be noticed that energy carriers prices influence the costs more than the efficiency of the systems. A considerable change in proportions between energy consumption and an exploitation cost of the conventional systems supplied with gas or oil and a system with a heat pump powered with electric energy can be noticed while analyzing those charts. If we compare a system based on a condensation gas boiler with a system based on an air-to-water heat pump, an amount of energy that has to be delivered to the boiler that is 2.7 times greater than the one that has to be delivered to the heat pump but exploitation costs are only 30% greater. Despite the fact that the electric energy for powering the heat pump is more expensive than energy coming from gas or oil, an air-to-water heat pump still gives the exploitation savings. FIGURE 2 Annual non-renewable primary energy demand for a single family house for various energy sources.

7 306 J. DANIELEWICZ ET AL. FIGURE 3 Annual exploitation costs for a single family house for various heating systems. CONCLUSION Selection of the heating system and energy source influences an end-use energy and primary energy consumption of the building. End-use energy consumption for conventional systems is always greater than applied thermal energy for the building. Renewable energy sources let reducing enduse energy consumption below applied thermal energy by utilizing energy from the environment. In Polish conditions an electrically driven air-to-water heat pump, supplied by a conventional coalfired power plant, does not give considerable environmental gains in comparison with conventional systems based on gas or oil. Prices of the energy carriers (in the current shape in Poland) influence costs of heating more than differences in efficiency for the conventional systems. According to the calculations based on the guidelines enclosed in the methodology of the Energetic Performance Certificate preparation, a system based on a heat pump gives a 25% savings in comparison with the installation with a condensation gas boiler, a 42% savings in comparison with the installation with an oil stove, and a 62 % of savings in comparison with the installation with electric heaters. REFERENCES European Parliament and Council Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings. Ministry of Infrastructure Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure of 12 April the technical conditions to be met by buildings and their location. Journal of Laws No. 75, item. 690, of 2002., and No. 33, item. 270, 2003., and No. 109, item. 1156, from 2004., and No. 201, pos. 1238, from 2008., and No. 56, item. 461, in Ministry of Infrastructure Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure of 6 November A methodology for calculating the energy performance of the building and an apartment or part of a building which is the independent technical and utility section and the preparation and presentation of certificates of energy performance. Journal of Laws No. 201, item Polish Standards Committee PN-82/B Heating. Outside design temperatures. PWN Encyclopedia Poland. The natural conditions. Climate. Available at: polska-warunki-naturalne-klimat.html. Tylor Nelson Sofres Public Opinion Research Center (TNS OPOB) 2007, Sixth fuel report Poles about energy savings, Part I Energy management.