Chapter 7 Multiple Division Techniques
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1 Chapter 7 Multiple Division Techniques Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 1
2 Introduction Outline Concepts and Models for Multiple Divisions Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Modulation Techniques Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) p/4qpsk Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 16QAM Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 2
3 Concepts and Models for Multiple Divisions Multiple access techniques are based on orthogonalization of signals A radio signal is a function of frequency, time and code as; s(f, t, c) = s(f, t) c(t) where s(f,t) is the function of frequency and time and c(t) is the function of code Use of different frequencies to transmit a signal: FDMA Distinct time slot: TDMA Different codes CDMA Multiple simultaneous channels: OFDM Specially separable sectors: SDMA Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 3
4 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Frequency Orthogonality conditions of two signals in FDMA: F s i 1 i j ( f, t) s j( f, t) df, i, j 1, 2,..., k 0 i j User n User 2 User 1 Single channel per carrier Time All first generation systems use FDMA Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 4
5 Basic Structure of FDMA MS #1 MS #2 f 1 f 2 f 1 f 2 MS #n f n f n Reverse channels (Uplink) Forward channels (Downlink) BS Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 5
6 Forward and Reverse channels in FDMA and Guard Band f 1 f 2 f n f 1 f 2 f n Reverse channels Guard Band W g Protecting bandwidth Sub Band W c Forward channels N Total Bandwidth W = Frequency NW c Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 6
7 Frequency User 1 User 2 User n Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Orthogonality conditions of two signals in TDMA: 1 i j s i( f, t) s j( f, t) dt, i, j 1,2,..., k 0 i j T Time Multiple channels per carrier Most of second generation systems use TDMA Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 7
8 #n #n #n #n #2 #2 #2 #2 #1 #1 #1 #1 The Concept of TDMA Frequency f Slot Frequency f MS #1 MS #2 t t t t MS #n Frame Frame Reverse channels (Uplink) t t Frame Frame Forward channels (Downlink) BS Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 8
9 #1 #2 #n #1 #2 #n #1 #2 #n #1 #2 #n #1 #2 #n #1 #2 #n TDMA: Channel Structure f Frame Frame Frame t (a). Forward channel f Frame Frame Frame t (b). Reverse channel Channels in TDMA/FDD Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 9
10 #1 #2 #n Forward and Reverse Channels in TDMA #1 #2 #n #1 #2 #n #1 #2 #n Frequency f = f Frame Frame Forward channel Reverse channel Forward channel Reverse channel Time Channels in TDMA/TDD Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 10
11 Frequency #1 #2 #n #1 #2 #n #1 #2 #n Frame Structure of TDMA Frame Frame Frame Time Guard time Head Data Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 11
12 User n User 2 User 1 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Orthogonality conditions of two signals in CDMA: 1 i j s i ( t) s j ( t) dt, i, j 1,2,..., k 0 i j C Frequency... Time Code Users share bandwidth by using code sequences that are orthogonal to each other Some second generation systems use CDMA Most of third generation systems use CDMA Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 12
13 CDMA Encode/Decode Channel output Z i,m Render Data bits Code d 1 = d 0 = Slot 1 Slot 0 Z i,m = d i. c m slot 1 Channel output slot 0 Channel output Received input Code Receiver Slot 1 Slot 0 D i = S Z i,m. c m m=1 M M d 1 = -1 Slot 1 channel output d 0 = 1 Slot 0 channel output Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 13
14 CDMA: two-sender interference Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 14
15 Structure of a CDMA System MS #1 MS #2 Frequency f C 1 C 2 Frequency f C 1 C 2 MS #n C n Reverse channels (Uplink) C n Forward channels (Downlink) BS C i x C j = 0, i.e., C i and C j are orthogonal codes, C i x C j = 0, i.e., C i and C j are orthogonal codes Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 15
16 Spread Spectrum Spreading of data signal s(t) by the code signal c(t) to result in message signal m(t) as: m( t) s( t) c( t) Power Digital signal s(t) Spreading Spreading signal m(t) Power Frequency Code c(t) Frequency Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 16
17 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Transmitter Spreading Receiver Despread Digital signal s(t) Spreading signal m(t) Digital signal s(t) Power Code c(t) Power Code c(t) Power Frequency Frequency Frequency Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 17
18 Orthogonal codes Orthogonal Codes All pairwise cross correlations are zero Fixed- and variable-length codes used in CDMA systems For CDMA application, each mobile user uses one sequence in the set as a spreading code Provides zero cross correlation among all users Types Walsh codes Variable-length Orthogonal codes 18
19 Walsh Codes Set of Walsh codes of length n consists of the n rows of an n x n Walsh matrix: W 1 = (0) W 2 n where n = dimension of the matrix W W Every row is orthogonal to every other row Requires tight synchronization Cross correlation between different shifts of Walsh sequences is not zero n n W W n n 19
20 Example:
21 An Example of Frequency Hopping Pattern Frequency Time Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 21
22 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Transmitter Spreading Receiver Despread Digital signal Spreading signal Digital signal s(t) Power Hopping pattern Power Hopping pattern Power Frequency Frequency Frequency Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 22
23 Near-far Problem MS 2 BS MS 1 Received signal strength Distance 0 Distance MS 2 d 2 Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 23 BS d 1 MS 1
24 Adjacent Channel Interference MS 1 Power MS 2 f 1 f 2 Frequency Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 24
25 Interference in Spread Spectrum Interference baseband signals Baseband signal Spectrum spreading signal Despread signal Interference signals 0 Frequency f Frequency f Frequency Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 25
26 Power Control in CDMA Controlling transmitted power affects the CIR P r P t = 1 4pdf c P r = Received power in free space P t = Transmitted power d = Distance between receiver and transmitter f = Frequency of transmission c = Speed of light = Attenuation constant (2 to 4) Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 26
27 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Divide a channels into multiple sub-channels and do parallel transmission Orthogonality of two signals in OFDM can be given by a complex congugate relation indicated by *: * 1, i j si ( f, t) s j( f, t) dt, i, j 1,2,..., k 0, i j F Spectrum of a single OFDM subchannel Spectrunm of an OFDM signal with multiple subchannels Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 27
28 Modulation / Demodulation steps in OFDM Low speed bit stream High speed Serial to parallel conversion data stream N 1 N 2. N n IDFT Guard interval insertion Transmission of OFDM signal Modulation operation at the OFDM transmitter N 1 Received OFDM signal Guard interval removal DFT N 2. Parallel to serial conversion High speed data stream N n Demodulation steps at the OFDM receiver Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 28
29 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Space divided into spatially separate sectors s(f,t,c) Beam i Omni-directional transmission s(f,t,c) Beam 3 s(f,t,c) Beam 2 s(f,t,c) s(f,t,c) Beam n Beam 1 The concept of SDMA Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 29
30 Transmission in SDMA Beam 1 Beam 2 Beam 3 MS MS 2 BS MS 3 1 The basic structure of a SDMA system. Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 30
31 Comparison of Various Multiple Division Techniques Technique FDMA TDMA CDMA SDMA Concept Active terminals Signal separation Divide the frequency band into disjoint subbands All terminals active on their specified frequencies Filtering in frequency Divide the time into non-overlapping time slots Terminals are active in their specified slot on same frequency Synchronization in time Spread the signal with orthogonal codes All terminals active on same frequency Code separation Divide the space in to sectors Number of terminals per beam depends on FDMA/ TDMA/CDMA Spatial separation using smart antennas Handoff Hard handoff Hard handoff Soft handoff Hard and soft handoffs Advantages Simple and robust Flexible Flexible Very simple, increases system capacity Disadvantages Inflexible, available frequencies are fixed, requires guard bands Requires guard space, synchronization problem Complex receivers, requires power control to avoid near-far problem Inflexible, requires network monitoring to avoid intracell handoffs Current Radio, TV and GSM and PDC 2.5G and 3G Satellite systems, applications analog cellular other being explored Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 31
32 Modulation Techniques Why need modulation? Small antenna size Antenna size is inversely proportional to frequency (wavelength) e.g., 3 khz 50 km antenna 3 GHz 5 cm antenna Limits noise and interference, e.g., FM (Frequency Modulation) Multiplexing techniques, e.g., FDM, TDM, CDMA Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 32
33 Analog and Digital Signals Analog Signal (Continuous signal) Amplitude S(t) 0 Time Digital Signal (Discrete signal) Amplitude Tim e Bit Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 33
34 Amplitude Modulation (AM) Message signal x(t) Time Carrier signal Time AM signal s(t) Time The modulated carrier signal s(t) is: s( t) [ A x( t)] cos(2p f t) Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 34 c Where f c is the carrier frequency and A its amplitude
35 Frequency Modulation (FM) Message signal x(t) Time Carrier signal Time FM signal s(t) The modulated carrier signal s(t) is: t s( t) Acos (2p f ct 2p f x( ) d 0 t Time BW=2(b1)f m with b= f /f m ; f m is the maximum modulating frequency used Where f is the peak frequency deviation from the original frequency and f << f c 0 Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 35
36 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 1/0 represented by two different frequencies Carrier signal 1 for message signal 1 Carrier signal 2 for message signal 0 Message signal x(t) FSK signal s(t) Time Time Time Time Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 36
37 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Use alternative sine wave phases to encode bits Carrier signal sin( 2pf c t) Carrier signal sin( 2pf c t p ) Message signal x(t) PSK signal s(t) Time Time Time Time Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 37
38 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Four different phase shifts used are: 1,1 0,0 0,1 1,0 0 p / 2 p 3p / 2 or 0,0 0,1 1,0 1,1 p / 4 3p / 4 3p / 4 p / 4 I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature) modulation used Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 38
39 QPSK Signal Constellation Q Q 0,1 1 0 I 1,1 0,0 I 1,0 (a) BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) (b) QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 39
40 p/4 QPSK The phase of the carrier is: k k 1 k Where k is carrier phase shift corresponding to input bit pairs. If 0 =0, input bit stream is [1011], then: p / p / 4 p / 4 0 All possible states in p/4 QPSK Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 40
41 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Combination of AM and PSK: modulate signals using two measures of amplitude and four possible phase shifts Bit sequence represented Amplitude Phase shift A representative QAM Table p/ p/ p p p/ p/2 Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 41
42 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Two carriers out of phase by 90 deg are amplitude modulated Q I Rectangular constellation of 16QAM Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 42
43 Homework Exercises: 7.2, 7.17 Practice at home: 7.3, 7.6, 7.8 Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 43
44 Quiz 2 What is the difference between collision detection and collision avoidance? What are the differences between adjacent channel interference and cochannel interference? 44
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