The Future of Refrigerants: Where Do We Go From Here? Mike Thompson Director of Environmental Affairs Trane Commercial Systems

Transcription

1 The Future of Refrigerants: Where Do We Go From Here? Mike Thompson Director of Environmental Affairs Trane Commercial Systems

2 Options For HVAC Refrigerants Fluorocarbons Natural Refrigerants Ozone Depleters (Montreal Protocol) Non- Ozone Depleters (Kyoto Protocol) Class 1 High ODP CFC s Class 2 Low ODP HCFC s Higher Lower ODP ODP ODP ODP R-11 R-12 R113 R-500 ODP ODP R-22 R-123 R-134a R-410A R-407C R-32 R-152a Propane Butane CO 2 Ammonia ODP -ODP Concerns - Concerns - Flammable -Toxicity Concerns -Efficiency Concerns -Cost Concerns

3 Timeline of Refrigerant Usage Montreal Protocol Signed All CFC production Stopped (R-11,R-12) in developed countries Kyoto Protocol Signed No CFC s for developing countries No new R-22 for service No new equipment with R-123 in developed countries No new R-123 for service in developed countries, no HCFC s in new equipment in developing countries No HCFC production in developing countries Today No automotive use of R-134a in Europe No new equipment with R-22 Continued use of recycled R-22, R-123 for developing countries Continued use of recycled R-123 Continued use of recycled CFC s Continued use of recycled R-22 Note: Included in the use of recycled refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced before the phase out date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.

4 Kyoto Protocol Greenhouse Gas Coverage Six (6) Gases Carbon Dioxide -- CO 2 Methane -- CH 4 Nitrous Oxide -- N 2 O Hydrofluorocarbons -- HFCs Perfluorocarbons -- PFCs Sulfur hexafluoride -- SF 6 Base Period 1990 for CO 2, CH 4, and N 2 O 1990 or 1995 for HFCs, PFCs, and SF 6

5 European HFC Restrictions Denmark General HFC ban in 2006 HFC ban on HVAC equipment in 2007, except if the factory refrigerant charge is <10kg for cooling applications or <50 kg for heat pump applications Austria HFC ban on HVAC equipment, appliances and cars in 2008, except if factory charge is <20kg of refrigerant Switzerland Domestic Refrigeration HFC Ban Air Conditioners HFC Ban Mobile Air Conditioning HFC Ban 2008 F-Gases Directive on car air conditioning No new vehicles containing F-gases, with a greater than 150, in 2011 Prohibit sale of vehicles containing F-gases, with a greater than 150, in 2017

6 Country GHG Cap & Trade Legislation Japan GHG emissions reduction target of 60-80% by 2050 Will start trial cap & trade program fall of 2008 Govt pressure on GHGs, including HFCs, against industries desires New Zealand Cap & Trade (Legislation in process) Six gases including HFCs All sectors Australia Cap & Trade (Legislation in process) Five gases Separate HFC regulation (25% below 2000 levels by 2020) HFC regulations begin in 2011 European Union (27 countries) CO2 only cap and trade, utilities & large industrials HFCs under regulatory pressure

7 US Legislative Efforts American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (aka: Waxman-Markey Bill) Uses the average of 2004, 2005, 2006 production as a baseline for HFC production (weighted HCFC and HFC volumes) 10% below average in % below average in % below average in % below average in 2033 US State Department Proposal to UNEP Reduce to 2005 levels by % reduction by % reduction by % reduction by % reduction by 2039 Developing countries to follow developed countries by 10 years

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9 Full Load Vs Part Load Both full and part load efficiency are important Full Load- Demand/Building new power plants Part Load- Total kwh consumption Trane technology optimizes for both Multiple stage chiller gives great part load performance VFD s have great part load for the right application Focus on the efficiency of the system

10 Environmental Impact of Refrigerants 1 Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Global Warming Potential () ODP(R-11=1.0) (CO2= 1.0) a 410A 407C 245fa a 410A 407C 245fa COP a 410A 407C 245fa Years Atmospheric Life Energy (years) Efficiency ( a 410A Trane 407C fa

11 ODP versus b 142b a 143a 152a 227ea 236fa 245fa ODP (relative to R-11) (relative to CO 2 ) J. M. Calm and G. C. Hourahan, Refrigerant Data Summary, Engineered Systems, 18(11):74-88, November 2001 (based on 1998 WMO and 2001 IPCC assessments) JMC 2001

12 Chiller Operating Pressure Condenser (100 F) Off Line (72 F) Operating Pressure (psig) Evaporator (38 F) R-11 R-123 R-12 R-134a R-22 R-410A

13 What Is Important Over the Life of a Chiller? Cost of Energy (94.5%) First Cost of Chiller (5.18%) Cost of Initial Charge Of Refrigerant (0.25%) Refrigerant Added Over 30 years (0.04%)

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