The Special Senses. Chapter 16
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1 The Special Senses Chapter 16
2 Special Senses Special senses in the head? taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium and sight These special senses have NO dendritic endings of sensory neurons. Neuron-like epithelial cells which transfer information to true neurons in the afferent pathway.
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4 Dominant sense. Up to 40% of cerebral cortex dedicated to processing visual stimuli. Orbit provides considerable protection as well as fat layer.
5 Eye lids (palpebrae( palpebrae) ) w/ lashes hair follicles highly innervated which aids in blinking reflex. Protects from foreign objects and excessive light.
6 Lacrimal apparatus keeps the eye surface moistened removes debris Lacrimal glands produces lacrimal fluid (mucous, lysozyme, antibodies)
7 Fibrous tunic (sclera + cornea) outer layer protection avascular dense CT sclera Sclera posterior outer tunic white of the eye continuous w/ dura mater acts as insertion site for muscle sclera
8 Fibrous tunic (sclera + cornea) protection avascular dense CT outer layer Cornea thick transparent layer of collagen fiber (CT) many pain receptors reflexive blinking is triggered by nerve endings in cornea helps focus objects on retina by bending light avascular cornea sclera sclera
9 Vascular tunic (choroid( + ciliary body + iris) middle coat dark, vascular, innervated continuous w/ arachnoid and pia mater cornea sclera choroid Choroid highly vascularized & darkly pigmented membrane melanocytes give dark color and help trap light provides nutrients to other tunics sclera choroid
10 Vascular tunic (choroid( + ciliary body + iris) middle coat dark, vascular, innervated continuous w/ arachnoid and pia mater cornea ciliary zonule sclera choroid Ciliary body continuous with choroid thickened ring of smooth muscle that surrounds lens suspensory ligaments (zonual fibers) hold lens ciliary muscle changes shape of lens secretes aqueous humor (nourishment for cornea) ciliary body sclera choroid
11 Vascular tunic (choroid( + ciliary body + iris) middle coat dark, vascular, innervated continuous w/ arachnoid and pia mater cornea ciliary zonule sclera choroid Iris eye color iris smooth muscle diaphragm that regulates entrance of light under ANS control parasympathetic constricts pupil and sympathetic dilates pupil ciliary body sclera choroid
12 Eye color is determined by degree of brown pigment only on the posterior surface of iris. Caucasian children can change from blue to brown as they age and melanocytes begin to function.
13 Sensory tunic (retina) inner layer receptors for vision cornea ciliary zonule sclera choroid Retina (2 layers) outer pigment layer single layer of pigmented epithelial cells. helps trap stray light inner neural layer thick layer of nervous tissue containing photoreceptor cells. beginning of visual pathway highly vascular iris ciliary body retina sclera choroid
14 Photoreceptor Cells (Rods & Cones)
15 Rods Photoreceptor Cells (Rods & Cones) highly sensitive (100 million cells) Night vision (grays) Low resolution impulses from many rods will be transmitted on a single nerve fiber (summation) Cones low sensitivity (6 million cells) 1 cone:1 nerve fiber (no summation) color discrimination and high acuity 3 cone types (red, blue, green)
16 Regional Specialization of the Retina Fovea centralis posterior part of retina highly packed with cone cell = point of visual acuity.
17 Regional Specialization of the Retina Optic disc circular elevation located a few mm medial to fovea centralis. axons of ganglion cells converge as the optic nerve blind spot,, no light sensitive cells
18 Eye Humors Anterior segment w/ aqueous humor anterior chamber & posterior chamber nourishment for lens
19 Eye Humors Posterior segment w/ vitreous humor gel like substance which holds retina in place and transmits light
20 The Ear Mechanoreceptor responsible for hearing and equilibrium. Contains specialized receptors that sense sound waves and fluid motion.
21 Outer ear collects sound waves and transfers to the external auditory canal al and ends at tympanic membrane (eardrum). External acoustic meatus functions to keep foreign objects out of ear. Lined with modified sweat glands called ceruminous glands that secrete wax (cerumen). Tympanic membrane is epithelium w/ CT. Its function is to transmit and amplify sound waves.
22 Middle ear (tympanic cavity) air filled chamber between tympanum and bone of inner ear. Function of middle ear: transmit vibrations of the tympanum to third portion of ear (inner ear) amplify the mechanical vibrations of the tympanic membrane (22X) via the ossicles.
23 Ossicles amplify and transfer mechanical vibrations to the oval window. Attached via ligaments and synovial joints. Pharyngotympanic tube (auditory, eustachian) helps in equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. Typical route of ear infections.
24 Inner ear (labyrinth) Maze-like ear is filled w/ fluid and houses organs. 2 main divisions of ear 1. Outer bony labyrinth filled w/ perilymph semicircular canal (function: equilibrium) vestibule (function: equilibrium) cochlea (function: hearing) 2. Inner membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph semicircular ducts, utricle and saccule in vestibule, cochlear duct
25 Cochlea a long tube w/ 2 membranes 1. Vestibular membrane in upper chamber (Scala( vestibuli), that is continuous w/ the scala tympani at the cochlear apex. 2. Basilar membrane in the lower chamber (Scala( tympani), which terminates at the round window.
26 Cochlea a long tube w/ 2 membranes 1. Vestibular membrane in upper chamber (Scala( vestibuli), that is continuous w/ the scala tympani at the cochlear apex. 2. Basilar membrane in the lower chamber (Scala( tympani), which terminates at the round window. Cochlear duct houses the houses the organ of Corti,, a receptor of epithelium cells that transmit vibrations and convert them into neuronal impulses.
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28 Volume and Tone Volume discrimination is based on displacement of the basilar membrane bending of hairs is in direct proportion to volume. Tone discrimination is based on the region in which the vibrations reach.
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