ph Scale Digestive Unit Vocabulary 1. ph (14 7 0): The scale used to measure acids and bases

Transcription

1 Digestive Unit Vocabulary 1. ph (14 7 0): The scale used to measure acids and bases ph Scale Examples: HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) = strong acid Baking Soda = strong base Related to digestion: HCl lowers the ph in stomach, to activate the enzyme Pesin which only works in an acidic environment (low ph) 2. HCL (Hydrochloric Acid): HCL is an acid, has a very low ph Drips from stomach wall when food is present HCl lowers the ph in stomach, to activate the enzyme Pepsin, which only digests protein in an acidic environment (low ph) 3. Surface Area: Surface Area (Area = A) L x W Total Surface Area of a cube L x W x number of sides or Area of 1 side x number of sides Total Surface Area of Rectagular Prism 2(HxW) + 2(LxH) + 2(LxW) or A (side 1) + A (side 2) + A (side 3) + A (side 4) + A (side 5) + A (side 6) 1

2 4. Starch: Made up of a chain of simple sugars Broken down by Amylase in body Examples: Whole Grains, Bread, Rice, Pasta, Not absorbed by body until broken down 5. Protein: The building blocks that make protein are called Amino Acids (A.A.) Complete Protein: has all 9 A.A. that your body can't produce Example: Eggs, Chicken, Beef, Pork, Fish, Milk Builds tissue and muscles Repairs damage in body and cells Makes hemoglobin, part of blood that holds oxygen All enzymes are proteins 6. Duodenum: First 25cm of Small Intestine Most chemical digestion in the system is completed Bile, Pancreatic Juices and enzymes, and chyme enter at this site. 7. Enzyme: A special protein that speeds up and aids in the digestion of a specific nutrient oexample: Amylase Starch Pepsin Protein An example of Chemical Digestion when breaking nutrients down. 2

3 8. Acid: A substance with a low ph Example: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) & Citrus Juice (lemon) HCl lowers ph in stomach to activate Pepsin Opposite of a base / alkaline substance 9. Diffusion: Also known as Passive Transport Requires no energy Process be which molecules move from areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration. Examples: Balloon activity, Cologne/Incense activity, Sugar/ Starch membrane lab. 10. Peristalsis: Squeeze and Push of muscles throughout the digestive tract Wavelike muscle contractions that move food Examples: Tennis Ball Lab Occurs in all these organs: Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestine. No gravity needed 11. Membrane used in sugar and starch lab showing diffusion and absorption of nutrients. only allows small particles (sugar, water, lugols, dyes) to pass through Starch too big to pass through Models the membrane in the small & large intestine, and the cell 3

4 12. Sugar Basic building blocks of starch Diffused through membrane in lab Examples: Table Sugar, Regular Soda, Candy, Corn Syrup... Small enough to be absorbed into bloodstream in small intestine 13. Pepsin Enzyme that only breaks down protein; breaks into amino acids Found in the stomach Activated by Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), which lowers the ph Only works at our body temperature 14. Amylase Enzyme that only breaks down starch; breaks into simple sugar Found in the mouth Part of saliva Takes time to break starch apart works faster when starch is chewed into small pieces An example of chemical digestion 15. Digestion breaking down, absorbing into blood, and arriving at cell Mechanical: physically breaking food down into smaller pieces Chewing food in mouth and moving with tongue Saliva moistens food Food being pushed through system by Peristalsis Stomach churning with its 3 muscles Chemical: when chemical bonds of nutrients are broken apart, creating smaller basic units. Amylase breaking starch into sugar Pepsin breaking protein into amino acids Bile breaking fat into small droplets Enzymes in small intestine finishing breakdown of carbs, proteins, and fats 4

5 16. Passive Transport: synonym for diffusion requires no energy for particles that are able to move, to move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. Ex: small intestine, large intestine, balloon activity, membrane activity 17. Active Transport: Requires cellular energy to occur some nutrients have to pass through doors / gates in membranes; require energy to open. Picture shows gate opening and closing as nutrient passes through. 18. Gastric Juice: combination of Hydrochloric Acid (HCL) and Pepsin HCL lowers ph in stomach to activate pepsin Pepsin is the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of protein into amino acids 19. Villi: projections that cover the folds in the small intestine responsible for creating more surface area to absorb more nutrients 5

6 20. Microvilli: projections that cover the villi in the small intestine even smaller projections to absorb nutrients VOCAB: All organs explained in lesson 1 of review packet, use this space to write extra information if you need to. 29. Ulcer: small hole that forms in the stomach lining, as a result of no mucus covering. gastric juice specifically can form these. 30. Amino Acids (A.A.): building blocks for proteins our body needs 9 essential A.A. from what we eat. (meat, eggs, milk ) 6

7 31. Neutralize: when adding a base/alkaline to an acid to make neutral (or vice versa) Ex: Alkaline pancreatic juice neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach. 32. Base: high ph (8 13) alkaline is a synonym Ex: baking soda, pancreatic juices, bleach 33. Bolus: moistened, chewed up, ball of food in the mouth form food is in before and during the action of swallowing down the esophagus, until it reaches the stomach 34. Absorption of nutrients: the movement of nutrients, across a membrane, by the action of diffusion. occurs in small and large intestine. 7