Learning Approach Workbook
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1 Learning Approach Workbook Name: Group: Exam Dates: King Edward VI Psychology Department 1
2 King Edward VI Psychology Department 2
3 Contents Specification... 3 Learning approach... 7 Content Classical Conditioning... 9 Content Operant Conditioning Content Social learning Theory Content Treatment Content Gender Development Studies in detail: Bandura, Ross & Ross (1961) Studies in detail: Other study (choice) Key issue Methodology Methodology - Observations Evidence of Practice: short observation Past Paper Questions King Edward VI Psychology Department 3
4 Specification 1 Definition of the approach 1a: Define the learning approach showing understanding that this approach is about the effects of conditioning, reinforcement and social learning on the organism. 1b: Define and use psychological terminology appropriately and accurately including the terms: i classical conditioning (including extinction, spontaneous recovery), ii operant conditioning (including positive and negative reinforcement, primary and secondary reinforcement, punishment), iii social learning (including imitation, modelling, observation, vicarious reinforcement), iv stimulus and response. 2 Methodology/How science works 2a: Describe and evaluate observation as a research method in psychology. 2b: Identify, describe and apply the terms participant, non-participant, overt, covert, naturalistic observations 2c: With regard to inferential statistics, identify, describe and apply i levels of measurement, ii reasons for choosing a chi-squared (χ2) test, Spearman and Mann- Whitney, iii how to compare the observed and critical value(s) to judge significance Note: with regard to inferential tests, no calculations will have to be carried out in the examinatons and formulae do not have to be learnt. 2d: Describe and evaluate the laboratory experiment method as it is used in general with human and with animal participants (including details specified for the Cognitive and Biological Approaches). 2e: Describe and assess ethical guidelines for the use of human participants when carrying out psychological research (include details specified for the Social Approach). 3 - Content 3a: Describe the main features of classical conditioning, including unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR), extinction and spontaneous recovery. 3b: Describe the main features of operant conditioning, including positive and negative reinforcement, punishment, primary and secondary reinforcement. 3c: For either classical or operant conditioning, describe and evaluate one treatment/therapy. Suitable examples: aversion therapy, systematic desensitisation, token economy programmes. 3d: Describe the main features of social learning theory, including observation, imitation, modelling, vicarious reinforcement. King Edward VI Psychology Department 4
5 3e: Describe how learning theory can be used to explain gender development/behaviour with particular reference to modelling, reinforcement and behaviour shaping. 3f: Evaluate learning theory as an explanation of gender behaviour including comparison with explanations from the Biological and Psychodynamic Approaches. 4 Studies in detail 4a: Describe and evaluate Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models and one other study. This must be selected from the following: Watson and Rayner (1920) Little Albert Skinner B F (1948) Superstition in the pigeon Pickens R, and Thompson T (1968) Cocaine-reinforced behavior in rats: effects of reinforcement magnitude and fixed-ratio size. 5 Key issue 5a: Describe one key issue of relevance to today s society and apply concepts, theories and/or research (as appropriate) from the Learning Approach to explain the issue. Suitable examples: the influence of advertising on people s behaviour the increase of female violence related to changing role models the influence of role models on anorexia. Note: in the examination paper, students may be given stimulus material from a key issue to explain using concepts, theories and/or research (as appropriate) from the Learning Approach. 6 Evidence of practice: short observation 6a: Carry out an observation using participants either from real life or using another medium such as television. This practical must be designed and conducted according to ethical principles. 6b: The observation must focus on some aspect of learning theory (such as modelling or reinforcement) and must gather quantitative data (eg by using tallying) that leads to a chisquared (χ2) test. 6c: Analyse the findings to produce results including using the chi-squared (χ2) test. Note: with regard to inferential tests no calculations will have to be carried out in the examinations and formulae do not have to be learnt. 6d: Apply issues of validity, reliability, generalisability and credibility to their results. King Edward VI Psychology Department 5
6 Methods Identify, describe and apply the following: i validity, ii reliability, iii generalizability, iv credibility, v overt/covert, vi non participant /participant, vii qualitative, viii quantitative, ix laboratory experiment, x chi-squared (χ2) test, xi levels of measurement, xii levels of significance, xiii critical value and bserved value, xiv naturalistic observations, xv ethical issues. King Edward VI Psychology Department 6
7 Learning approach What is the learning approach? What are the assumptions of the learning approach? History of the learning approach: Applications of the learning approach: King Edward VI Psychology Department 7
8 Glossary of terms Classical conditioning Extinction Spontaneous recovery Operant conditioning Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment Primary reinforcement Secondary reinforcement Social learning Imitation Modelling Observation Vicarious reinforcement Stimulus Response Complete the table with the definitions of the words listed and add any other words as you learn more about the learning approach. King Edward VI Psychology Department 8
9 Content Classical Conditioning History of Classical Conditioning: Complete the equation below with the following terms: bell, food, salivation (words can be used more than once) How classical conditioning works; Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned response (UCR) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) + Unconditioned response (UCR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR) Explain how classical conditioning can explain fear of something? King Edward VI Psychology Department 9
10 Classical conditioning What? Extinction Spontaneous recovery How does it affect behaviour? Real life application Evaluation King Edward VI Psychology Department 10
11 Content Operant Conditioning History of Operant Conditioning: Draw a picture of a skinner box King Edward VI Psychology Department 11
12 Operant conditioning What? Types of reinforcement Punishment How does it affect behaviour? Real life application Evaluation King Edward VI Psychology Department 12
13 Content Social learning Theory What? Stages How does it affect behaviour? Real life application Evaluation King Edward VI Psychology Department 13
14 Content Treatment Aversion therapy (or alternative) What? How does it affect behaviour? Real life application Evaluation Strengths Weaknesses King Edward VI Psychology Department 14
15 Content Gender Development Learning theory as an explanation of gender development Definition Operant conditioning Social learning theory King Edward VI Psychology Department 15
16 Evaluation of Learning theory as an explanation of gender development Comparison with biological explanation Comparison with psychodynamic explanation King Edward VI Psychology Department 16
17 Studies in detail: Bandura, Ross & Ross (1961) Aim Procedure Findings Conclusions King Edward VI Psychology Department 17
18 Evaluation of Bandura, Ross & Ross. GRAVE Generalisability Reliability Application Validity Ethics King Edward VI Psychology Department 18
19 Studies in detail: Other study (choice) Name: Aim Procedure Findings Conclusions King Edward VI Psychology Department 19
20 Evaluation of other study (choice). Name: GRAVE Generalisability Reliability Application Validity Ethics King Edward VI Psychology Department 20
21 Key issue Suitable examples from the spec: the influence of advertising on people s behaviour, the increase of female violence related to changing role models, the influence of role models on anorexia. Describing the issue One key issue from the learning approach is... What exactly is this issue all about? Who does this issue impact upon? Where this is issue most relevant? Why should we care?! Why is this important to society? King Edward VI Psychology Department 21
22 Methodology Review of ethics Ethics using animals King Edward VI Psychology Department 22
23 How science works Inferential statistics Levels of measurement Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Statistical significance Definition Levels Link to hypotheses King Edward VI Psychology Department 23
24 Chi-squared Types of inferential statistics Spearman Mann-Whitney U When? When? When? Definition Critical value table Critical value Observed value Link to hypotheses King Edward VI Psychology Department 24
25 Methodology - Observations Features of an Observation King Edward VI Psychology Department 25
26 Observation as a research method Definition: Naturalistic Types of observation Structured Strength Strength Weakness Weakness Overt Covert Strength Strength Weakness Weakness Participant Non-participant Strength Strength Weakness Weakness King Edward VI Psychology Department 26
27 Evidence of Practice: short observation You must complete an observation, using an independent groups design and collect nominal level data (e.g. tallying). You must focus on some aspect of learning and conduct a Chi-Squared statistical test on your results. Introduction: Title and background research: Research aim: Method used (type of observation): Independent and dependent variables (IV/DV): IV: DV: Alternative hypothesis (one or two-tailed): Null hypothesis: Sample (including target population & sampling method with justification) King Edward VI Psychology Department 27
28 Results of pilot study and solutions: Controls: Ethical considerations: Procedure: King Edward VI Psychology Department 28
29 Results: Conclusion: Link to aim and theory: King Edward VI Psychology Department 29
30 Evaluation of survey. Title: GRAVE Generalisability Reliability Application Validity Ethics King Edward VI Psychology Department 30
31 Past Paper Questions 3 Negative reinforcement refers to A giving something unpleasant after an undesired behaviour B taking away something unpleasant after a desired behaviour C giving something pleasant after a desired behaviour D taking away something pleasant after an undesired behaviour 7 Which sampling method gives an equal chance of a participant being selected? A Opportunity B Random C Self-selected D Volunteer 15 In your course you will have studied Bandura, Ross and Ross s (1961) study in the Learning Approach. (a) (i) Describe the aim(s) and procedure of Bandura, Ross and Ross.(4) (a) (ii) The statements in the table below may relate to the results and/or conclusions of the study by Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961). Put a cross in the correct box to indicate whether each statement is true or false.(3) The children who saw the aggressive model were more aggressive than those who saw the non aggressive model. About 1/3 of the children who saw the aggressive model copied the model s behaviour. Boys copied the behaviour of the male model more than the girls copied the behaviour of the female model. The researchers concluded that behaviour is only learned when it is reinforced. True False King Edward VI Psychology Department 31
32 (b) Evaluate Bandura, Ross and Ross s (1961) study by filling in the blanks in the paragraph below.(4) The study was not ecologically as the children were not in their normal nursery setting. The children were deliberately encouraged to be aggressive, so they may be aggressive towards others after they left the study which is an issue. The sample size was 72 and was a mix of boys and girls so the results can be to other children. Most of the situational variables were controlled as the study was conducted in a. 16 Classical and/or operant conditioning can be applied to the treatment of psychological disorders. Examples include aversion therapy, flooding, systematic desensitisation and token economy. Evaluate one treatment/therapy from either classical or operant conditioning. Name of treatment/therapy: (4) King Edward VI Psychology Department 32
Psychodynamic Workbook
Psychodynamic Workbook Name: Group: Exam Dates: King Edward VI Psychology Department 1 Contents Specification... 3 Psychodynamic Approach... 5 Content Personality... 8 Content Psychosexual development...
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