I/O Ports DC Electrical Characteristics

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1 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers I/O Ports DC Electrical Characteristics EE3954 by Maarten Uijt de Haag, Tim Bambeck I/O Part I.1

2 PORTA PORTB PORTE PORTD PORTC PORTC PORTD PORTD Pin Diagram from Datasheet Multiplexing of I/O Pins I/O Part I.2

3 I/O Part I.3

4 Typical I/O Port I/O Part I.4

5 Typical I/O Port Buffers I/O Part I.5

6 Typical I/O Port Flip-Flops I/O Part I.6

7 Typical I/O Port Logic Gates I/O Part I.7

8 Typical I/O Port MOS Transistors (Output Drivers) I/O Part I.8

9 Overview DC Electrical Characteristics I/O Pin Voltage Current Levels: TTL Schmitt Trigger CMOS Open drain Levels: Sink current Source current Fan-in Fan-out I/O Part I.9

10 Input/Output Ports Most PORT pins can be defined as either input or output via the TRIS registers. PORTA, PORTB, PORTC, PORTD, PORTE To read/write data from/to inputs/outputs TRISA, TRISB, TRISC, TRISD, TRISE Data Direction Registers Determines if a pin is an input ( 1 ) or an output ( 0 ) I/O Part I.10

11 Special Function Registers PORTs are in Bank 0 TRISs are in Bank 1 Bank 0: RP1 = 0; RP0 = 0 Bank 1: RP1 = 0; RP0 = 1 STATUS I/O Part I.11

12 PORTA equ 0x05 TRISA equ 0x05 I/O Ports Example Part 1 org 0x000 nop ; Select Bank 1 to access the data direction registers (TRIS) bcf STATUS, RP1 bsf STATUS, RP0 ; Set pins 1, 2, 4, and 7 as input ; Set pins 0, 3, 5, and 6 as output movlw B movwf TRISA ; Select Bank 0 to access the PORT itself bcf STATUS, RP0 NOTE: 1 looks like an I for input 0 looks like an O for output I/O Part I.12

13 I/O Ports Example Part 2 ; Select Bank 0 to access the PORT itself bcf STATUS, RP0 ; Check the input on 2 and call the subroutine SUB_1 if its is 1 btfsc PORTA, 2 call SUB_1 ; Set the output on pin 5 to 0 bcf PORTA, 5 ; Set the output on pin 0 to 1 bsf PORTA, 0 NOTE: 1 looks like an I for input; 0 looks like an O for output I/O Part I.13

14 I/O Port Equivalent Statements PORTA is at Data Memory address 0x05 and TRISA is at Data Memory address 0x85 PORTA equ 0x05 TRISA equ 0x05 7 least significant bits of 0x > 0x > 0x85 I/O Part I.14

15 Typical I/O Port Pin PORT Writes: movwf PORTX movwf TRISX I/O Part I.15

16 Typical I/O Port Pin PORT Reads: movf PORTX,W btfss PORTX,2 I/O Part I.16

17 Typical I/O Port I/O Part I.17

18 Transistor p-channel: p-channel transistor Source 1 = Off Gate P Drain 0 = On I/O Part I.18

19 Transistor n-channel: n-channel transistor Drain 1 = On Gate N Source 0 = Off I/O Part I.19

20 Totem Pole Configuration V DD V 1 = V DD = 1 ; V 2 = V DD = 1 V DD V 1 = V SS = 0 ; V 2 = V SS = 0 V DD S V 1 G P Off On D I/O Pin 0 (V SS ) 1 (V DD ) D V 2 G N On Off S V SS V SS V SS I/O Part I.20

21 Interpretation Example Writing to TRIS - Output Here: V SS = 0 V DD = 1 I/O Part I.21

22 Interpretation Example Writing to a PORT Pin - Output Here: V SS = 0 V DD = 1 I/O Part I.22

23 Schmitt Trigger Regular input buffer: Schmitt Trigger buffer: V in V out V in V out V in Switching threshold V in Positive-going Threshold (4v) Negative-going Threshold (1v) t t V out V out False switching occurs t Jitter free operation t I/O Part I.23

24 I/O Port DC Electrical Characteristics Output: Input: (Minimum high-level output voltage) V OH (Minimum high-level input voltage) V IH V OL (Maximum low-level output voltage) V IL (Maximum low-level input voltage) Increasing voltage See, for example, Datasheet Page 155/156 (157/158 in PDF) I/O Part I.24

25 I/O Port Noise Margin 5.0 v -> V DD Guaranteed HIGH-level output Recognizable HIGH-level output 4.3 v (min) -> 2.0 v -> V OH V IH Noise Margin Uncertain region (neither HIGH nor LOW) 0.75v -> V IL 0.6v (max) -> V OL 0v -> V SS = 0 Noise Margin Guaranteed LOW-level output Recognizable LOW-level output I/O Part I.25

26 TTL Voltage Level PIC16F877 V OL = 0.6V max V OH = (V DD - 0.7) V min = 4.3V min ( values from page 156 in Data Sheets ) V IL = V SS -> 0.15 V DD = 0V -> 0.75V V IH = 2.0 -> V DD = 2.0V > 5.0V (values from page 155 in Data Sheets ) I/O Part I.26

27 I/O Ports Sink and Source Currents Sink current is the current going into the microcontroller Microcontroller I Source current is the current coming out of the microcontroller Microcontroller I See, for example, Datasheet Page 149 (151 in PDF) I/O Part I.27

28 I/O Ports Sink and Source Currents PIC16F877 Any pin = 25 ma. Port A=6 pins, B=8 pins, E=3 pins for a total of 17 pins. We would expect: 17 pins * 25 ma = 425 ma. ( Note: combined Port A,B,E is 200 ma max.) I/O Part I.28

29 I/O Ports Sink and Source Currents PIC16F877 RD1 (A) If RD1 = 0 = V OL = 0V: No voltage differential between (A) and (B), thus LED is OFF. PIC 16F877 R (B) If RD1 = 1 = V OH = 5V: 1.4V 5V R Ohm s Law: V = I*R Voltage over resistor: = 3.6V I = V/R = 3.6/R < 25mA Thus, R > 3.6/ = 144Ω P R = 3.6* = 0.09W NOTE: Voltage drop over the diode is ~1.4V I/O Part I.29

30 I/O Ports Sink and Source Currents PIC16F877 With VOH and VOL RD1 PIC 16F877 (A) NOTE: Voltage drop over the diode is ~1.4V R (B) V OH = 4.3V & V OL = 0.6V I OH = 25mA & I OL = 25mA If RD1 = 0 = V OL = 0.6V: Not enough voltage differential between (A) and (B), thus LED is OFF. If RD1 = 1 = V OH = 4.3V: 4.3V 1.4V R Ohm s Law: V = I * R Voltage over resistor: = 2.9V I = V/R = 2.9/R < 25mA Thus, R > 2.9/ = 116Ω I/O Part I.30

31 Diodes I I Current only flows through the diode in one direction V DD V SS Works: Does not Work: V SS V DD I/O Part I.31

32 Laboratory #2 7-segment display Microcontroller RD7 RD6 RD5 RD4 RD3 RD2 RD1 RD0 I/O Part I.32

33 Fan-out Fan-out The number of inputs (in the form of devices and gates) that can be driven from a single device or gate output (or pin) without damaging the IC Low I 1 I 2 I 3 High I 1 I 2 I 3 I I I/O Part I.33

34 Fan-out Example RD1 PIC 16F877 V OH = 5 V V diode = 1.4V Is this going to work??? Current through one of the LEDs = (5-1.4)/470 = 7.66mA So, the total current that must be sourced by the pin is: 5*7.66mA = 38.3mA So, 38.3mA > 25mA and therefore this is not going to work!!! I/O Part I.34

35 Interpretation Example Writing to TRIS - Input 1 1 open open Here: V SS = 0 V DD = 1 I/O Part I.35

36 I/O Ports High Impedance I/O Part I.36

37 I/O Ports High Impedance I/O Pin RA4 (PORTA Pin 4) V 2 = V DD I/O Pin = V SS = 0 V 2 = V SS I/O Pin = Ω V 2 N NMOS On Off V SS Open Drain Output V SS V SS It looks as if there is a very high impedance between the pin and ground I/O Part I.37

38 I/O Ports Pull-Up Resistor V DD V DD V DD 0 V 5 V On Off V 2 N V SS V SS V SS V 2 = V DD V 2 = V SS I/O Part I.38

39 I/O Ports PIC16F877 See Datasheet Table 1-2 Page 8 & 9 (PDF pages: 10 & 11) See Datasheet Pages 30 through 36 For: (PDF pages: 32-38) PORTA, B, C, D, E Functions. Registers Associated with Each Port. I/O Part I.39

40 PORT A From Datasheet PINS 0,1,2, and 3 are also used as a 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) (Sections 21,22,23, and 24 of RM) (Section 11 of DS) SFR ADCON1 (see page 29 of DS) must be used to configure PORTA as either a regular PORT or an ADC. From PIC16F877 Datasheet I/O Part I.40

41 PORT A - Configuration 0x1F in Bank 1 RED Circled is POR Condition. Blue Circled is Example on Next page. I/O Part I.41

42 PORT A Configure as all digital I/O BCF STATUS, RP0 ; BCF STATUS, RP1 ; Bank0 CLRF PORTA ; Initialize PORTA by ; clearing output ; data latches BSF STATUS, RP0 ; Select Bank 1 MOVLW B ; Configure all pins MOVWF ADCON1 ; as digital inputs MOVLW B ; Value used to ; initialize data ; direction MOVWF TRISA ; Set RA<3:0> as inputs ; RA<5:4> as outputs ; TRISA<7:6>are always ; read as 0. I/O Part I.42

43 PORT A From Datasheet I/O Part I.43

44 PORT B I/O Part I.44

45 PORTB I/O Part I.45

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