4. Invertebrates diversity
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1 4. Invertebrates diversity BACKGROUND: Invertebrates represent 95% of living animal diversity; that means most types of animals do not have a backbone and work very differently than humans do. This lab is meant to introduce you to the major animal phyla. By the end you should be able to identify most animals to phylum and, for the most common types, to class. CONCEPTS: This lab integrates information from a number of lectures. Basal invertebrates Molluscs, Annelids and Arthropods Echinoderms and Basal Chordates A. Invertebrate diversity prequiz Create a table listing the nine major phyla listed in your textbook, with their scientific name, key characteristics and representative species Scientific Name Key characters Example species 1
2 B. Invertebrate phyla investigation GOALS: To see examples of all nine major phyla and their major characters. 1. Sponge procedure Sponges (Ph. Porifera) are one of the simplest types of animal. 1. Examine the sponges on display and find the oscula and ostia. 2. Sketch one of the sponges in the space below and indicate the size. 3. Compare this with the commercial sponge, which is not an animal remnant. 4. Examine the sponge cross-section slide on the compound scope. Sketch this section and indicate the collar cells (choanocytes) 2. Sponge drawings 2
3 3. Sponges seem very different from other animals. Why are they still classified as metazoans? Is it true they haven't evolved in millions of years? 4. How can you tell a living (or once-living) sponge from a commercial sponge? 5. Jellyfish, anemones, corals Jellyfish, anemones and corals belong to the Phylum Cnidaria. All have stinging cells (nematocysts) for defense or prey capture. 1. Examine all specimens and sketch in the area provided. 2. Aurelia jellyfish (moon jelly) in the jar 3. live Hydra under the dissecting scope. 4. preserved sea anemone in dish 5. Coral skeletons 6. Obelia polyp tentacle, with nematocysts 6. Cnidaria drawings 3
4 7. Were the nematocysts arranged in any particular order? Why do you think this is so? 8. What is similar about the shape of all these cnidarians? 9. Flatworms Flatworms, tapeworms, and parasitic flukes belong to the Phylum Platyhelminthes. All have three tissue layers but no internal body space. They also have no circulatory organs and so need to be extremely thin. 1. Examine all specimens and sketch in the area provided. 2. Planaria flatworm whole mount slide on the compound scope 3. The tapeworm mount on the dissecting scope 4. The fluke mount on the dissecting scope 10. Flatworm drawings 11. What sensory organs do you see on the planarian? On the tapeworm and fluke? Why do you think this is so? 12. Roundworms 4
5 Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda) are usually very small and are important decomposers of organic materials in soil communities. Some are parasites of humans and other vertbrates; these tend to be larger bodied. They all have a pseudocoelom. 1. Examine all specimens and sketch in the area provided. 2. The dissected pig parasite Ascaris and sketch in the area provided. 3. The Trichina parasite that causes trichinosis, using the compound scope. The worm is coiled up inside muscle tissue. 4. Vinegar eels on the compound scope. 13. Roundworm drawings 14. Could you discern multiple digestive organs in the gut of the ascarid worm? To what level of organization does this correspond? 15. How might you tell these worms apart from the Annelid worms at the next station? 16. Segmented worms Clamworms, earthworms, leeches and others of the Phylum Annelida are all segmented. They also have chaetae (KEE-tay), which are hairs made of a molecule called chitin. 1. Examine all specimens and sketch in the area provided. 2. The clamworm in a dish. Look at the parapodia (flaps off the side of each segment) to see groups of chaetae. 3. The earthworm in a dish 4. The leech in a dish 17. Segmented worm drawings 5
6 18. What do you think is the purpose of chaetae? Why do you not see them on leeches? 19. Insects, crustaceans, spiders, etc. These are all part of the Arthropoda, the phylum with the most species. All are segmented like annelids but are also tagmatized. All have jointed legs, which are specialized to perform particular tasks such as walking or feeding. 1. Examine all specimens and sketch in the area provided. Pay particular attention to 1) how many body regions and 2) how many limbs there are, and 3) from which body regions those limbs originate. Use the dissecting scope provided. 2. The spider in a dish. (Subphylum CHELICERATA) 3. The crayfish in a dish Subphylum CRUSTACEA) 4. The centipede in a dish Subphylum MYRIAPODA) 5. The dragonfly in the box Subphylum HEXAPODA) 6
7 20. Arthropod drawings 21. Why do you think the arthropods are the most successful in terms of number of species? How might you test this idea? 22. Squid, clams, snails, etc. Molluscs are the second most diverse phylum, and show the most diverse body types. All are built on a common body plan, with a head, foot, visceral mass, and a mantle that secretes the shell. Most also have a radula. 1. Examine all specimens and sketch in the area provided. Note the size, shape and number of shells and how big/modified the foot is relative to the rest of the body. 2. The squid (CLASS CEPHALOPODA) 3. The snail (CLASS GASTROPODA) 4. The clam (CLASS BIVALVIA) 7
8 23. Mollusc drawings 24. Were all the parts of the mollusc body plan present and obvious? How could you tell these were molluscs if we hadn't labeled them? 25. Starfish, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, etc. The Echinodermata are a relatively small phylum with respect to number of species, but are very important ecologically. The all have some form of pentaradial symmetry and a water vascular system with tube feet. They also have a skeleton made of ossicles that may be more or less obvious. 1. Examine all specimens and sketch in the area provided. Look for the rows of tube feet and the overall body shape. 2. The seastar (CLASS ASTEROIDEA) 3. The sea urchin (CLASS ECHINOIDEA) 4. The brittle star (CLASS OPHIUROIDEA) 5. The sea cucumber (CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA) 26. Echinodermata drawings 8
9 27. How quickly do sea stars and urchins move? How might this relate to their shape? 28. Sea squirts, lancelets Sea squirts and lancelets are two types of invertebrate Chordata, the phylum to which we belong. They all possess at some point in their life cycle a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, gill slits, and a post-anal tail. 1. Examine all specimens and sketch in the area provided. 2. The sea squirt in a dish 3. The lancelet on the dissecting scope. 29. Chordate drawings 9
10 30. What of the chordate features can you see in each specimen? What about vertebrates such as ourselves? C. Identification of unknown animal GOALS: Now you have seen the phyla. But can you look at a new animal and say to which phylum it belongs, and why? 1. Unknown animal procedure 1. When you are done your observations of the phyla, ask your instructor for your unknown animal. 2. Examine your animal and sketch it in the area provided. 3. Compare the animal's features to the phylum characters you explored previously. 4. Eliminate possibilities by checking which features are not present but emphasize which features are present. 5. The last instruction is important. I am going to give you animals that you may not have seen before and some of which may not show every character of their phylum. Remember that possession of a unique feature automatically means membership in a phylum, where lacking a feature is less informative. 6. You may ask your instructor two yes/no questions concerning features that are not observable (e.g. how many tissue layers). 2. Unknown animal sketch 10
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