Multiscale mapping of Juniperus virginiana L. encroachment in the Ozarks

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Cedar encroachment in Wilson s Creek National Battlefield. One of the critical tasks identified by the park mangers is the preservation of the mature post oak (Quercus( stellata) savanna trees that were present at the location and dominated the landscape at the time of the battle over 150 years ago.

1 Multiscale mapping of Juniperus virginiana L. encroachment in the Ozarks L. Monika Moskal, PhD Assistant Professor Director Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis Laboratory Nathan Huggins & Jenifer Haack MSc Graduate Students Department of Geography, Geology and Planning RS-2006 Invasive Track April 27 th, 2006 Salt Lake City Ozarks Environmental & Water Resources Institute

2 Juniperus virginiana also known as: Eastern Red Cedar, Eastern Cedar, Red Cedar, Red Juniper, Virginia cedar Preferred habitat conditions: Limestone-derived soils Light: sun -light shade Moisture: dry mesic -dry Height: ft Native range

3 Background Missouri Texas Oklahoma Eastern red cedar (Juniperus( virginiana L.) populations are increasing throughout the Ozarks Fire and animal grazing cedar controls Historically uncommon species (Beilmann and Brenner, 1951) but now can be found throughout the Ozarks region USDA classifies as an invasive species Can dominate an abandoned pasture within 10 years Accounts for 72% of Missouri s softwood forest Competitive species that can survive in almost any location and if not managed for, can encroach upon Juniper encroachment in glades, prairies, and woodlands Western USA Closes previously open canopies in savannas and glades; converts grasslands into forests Loss of biodiversity Destruction of species habitat Alters ecosystem functions (?)

4 Goals & Objectives Produce a baseline cedar study for an Ozark s landscape Selection of the image classification techniques that best identify cedars and cedar density within the landscape Develop methods to accurately assess the produced classifications Evaluate multiscale data fusion

5 Study Area IKONOS Imagery ASTER Imagery ASTER Imagery 6 counties 390, ha Springfield Metro Christian County Dynamic urbanizing landscape October 27 th, 2001 IKONOS Imagery Wilson s Creek National Battlefield 20 ha November 17 th, 2000

6 Methodology 2 projects Flowchart of methodology for the project utilizing ASTER imagery

7 ASTER Dataset 15 Meter per-pixel pixel resolution October 27, bands red, green, and NIR

8 ASTER Dataset 15 Meter per-pixel pixel resolution October 27, bands red, green, and NIR

9 Training Sites (Supervised Classification) High Density Medium Density Low Density 200 pixels selected for each cedar density class Training sites also selected for all other non- cedar land covers Used in both the supervised and decision tree classifications

10 Training Site Spectral Properties (Decision Tree) Class Band 1 (Green) Band 2 (Red) Band 3 (NIR) Grassland B3 >= 49 Other Forest 22 <= B2 <= 17 Low Density Cedar 22 <= B1 <= <= B2 <= <= B3 <= 45.7 Medium Density Cedar 20.2 <= B1 <= <= B2 <= <= B3 <= High Density Cedar 20.2 <= B1 <= <= B2 <= <= B3 <= 34 Decision tree parameters Decision tree classification produced RS-2006 Invasive Track April 27 th, 2006 Salt Lake City

11 Supervised Classification Decision Tree Classification Supervised Decision Tree Density Class Area (h) Image Percent Area (h) Image Percent High Cedar % % Medium Cedar % % Low Cedar % % Total Cedar % %

12 Standard Accuracy Assessment Compares a known ground value of a location to that identified within a classification 150 ground truth pixels were selected for each class Non-cedar classes not included in accuracy assessment Error Matrices produced Overall classification accuracy % Commission (Users) errors & Omission (Producers) errors KHAT statistic 0-1

13 Vector Based Accuracy Assessment Better determine classification accuracies Examined cedar vs. non cedar Vectors were placed in areas of cedar and non cedar transitions Non-cedar class not included in accuracy assessment Error Matrices produced Overall classification accuracy % Commission (Users) errors & Omission (Producers) errors KHAT statistic 0-1

14 Vector Based Accuracy Assessment Cont d RS-2006 Invasive Track April 27 th, 2006 Salt Lake City 30 Vectors Random direction (i.e. North, North-West, etc.) Each vector 20 pixels in length

15 Results Standard Accuracy Assessment Standard accuracy inconclusive Supervised 81% overall 0.71 KHAT Decision Tree 81% overall 0.71 KHAT

16 Results Vector Based Accuracy Assessment Decision tree more accurate Supervised 79% overall 0.46 KHAT Decision Tree 92% overall 0.83 KHAT

17 Classification Comparisons MoRAP (MO Resource Assessment Partnership) Classification 2005 state-wide landcover Landsat imagery classes >60% evergreen Only used high and medium density cedar classes from each produced classifications for comparison Wilson s Creek Classification National Parks Service (Moskal 2004) 2000 IKONOS image used to identify cedars within the park Combined all density classes from each produced classification for comparison

18 Results MoRAP Comparison Decision tree more accurate Comparable area MoRAP Classification Supervised Classification Decision Tree Classification Area (h)

19 Cedar encroachment in Wilson s Creek National Battlefield One of the critical tasks identified by the park mangers is the preservation of the mature post oak (Quercus( stellata) savanna trees that were present at the location and dominated the landscape at the time of the battle over 150 years ago A new forest canopy has been encompassing the historic trees. In this modern forest eastern red cedar are very common The cedars compete for the same resources as the historic trees and the seedlings produced by the trees Historic oak susceptibility to cedar encroachment was studied historic trees are often large oaks with open spreading branches that indicate the tree grew in an uncluttered environment, with little canopy competition

20 IKONOS mapping of cedar encroachment ArcGIS Feature Analyst method was used based on GPS location of observed cedar locations and visual image interpretation Filed observations were limited to cedars encountered while navigating to historical trees or if cedars were present near historical trees Visual assessment shows very high accuracies for cedar identification RS-2006 Invasive Track April 27 th, 2006 Salt Lake City Training features Classified features Refinement features Subset of the November 17 th, 2000 IKONOS image

21 IKONOS mapping of cedar encroachment ArcGIS Feature Analyst method was used based on GPS location of observed cedar locations and visual image interpretation Filed observations were limited to cedars encountered while navigating to historical trees or if cedars were present near historical trees Visual assessment shows very high accuracies for cedar identification RS-2006 Invasive Track April 27 th, 2006 Salt Lake City Training features Classified features Refinement features Subset of the November 17 th, 2000 IKONOS image

22 IKONOS mapping of cedar encroachment ArcGIS Feature Analyst method was used based on GPS location of observed cedar locations and visual image interpretation Filed observations were limited to cedars encountered while navigating to historical trees or if cedars were present near historical trees Visual assessment shows very high accuracies for cedar identification RS-2006 Invasive Track April 27 th, 2006 Salt Lake City Training features Classified features Refinement features Subset of the November 17 th, 2000 IKONOS image

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25 Cedar encroachment field based estimates vs. IKONOS IKONOS estimates y = x R 2 = (range: 9 = high; 1 = low) Field observations IKONOS based encroachment was derived by counting the number of feature extracted cedar pixels in a 12 m radius of each GPS historic tree location IKONOS methodology showed overestimation of encroachment as compared to the field methods. However, rather then interpreting this over estimation as an error it is likely that the cedars were underestimated in the field due to visibility

26 Results Wilson s Creek Comparison Feature Analyst (IKONOS) Supervised (ASTER) RS-2006 Invasive Track April 27th, 2006 Salt Lake City Decision Tree (ASTER)

27 Results Wilson s Creek Comparison cont d Decision tree more accurate Comparable area IKONOS Classification Supervised Classification Decision Tree Classification Area (h)

28 Conclusions The decision tree produced a better overall classification Established vector based accuracy assessment validity Remote sensing is a viable tool for cedar monitoring within the Ozarks Future Research Cedar change detection Cedar encroachment and oak mortality Cedar encroachment and ecosystem function Cedar encroachment and human population

29 Acknowledgments Collaborators Dr. L. Michelle Bowe Biology, MSU Christopher Wood GGP Graduate Student Ron Miller GGP Graduate Student Field assistants David Martin Biology Senior Stacey Armstrong GGP Graduate Student Funding, resources and data LP DAAC NASA National Park Service and Forest Service Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Units (Mississippi Region) MoRAP LULC Pre settlement Post settlement RS-2006 Invasive Track April 27 th, 2006 Salt Lake City View ozarksgeography.missouristate.edu/rsgal/

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