Computer Networks: Multiplexing
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1 Computer Networks: Multiplexing EE1001 Prof. Taek M. Kwon Department of Electrical Engineering, UMD
2 Outline EE 4321 Multiplexing NFC
3 EE 4321: Computer Networks EE Technical Elective Course, 3 credits Network Lab (MWAH 60) Course Objective: to learn characteristics of network transmission media, protocol architectures, routing algorithms, various LAN technologies, WAN technologies, and network programming.
4 Multiplexer (Mux) x 0 S 1 S 0 y x 1 x 2 x 3 y 0 0 x x x x 3 S 1 S 0
5 Demultiplexer (Demux) y x 0 x 1 x 2 x 3 S 1 S 0 x 3 x 2 x 1 x y y y y S 1 S 0
6 Mux/Demux
7 Multiplexing
8 Multiplexing Forms Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM Each signal source is interleaved using a fixed time slot assigned. Statistical TDM -- Time slots are not preassigned. Rather, data are transmitted using the available time slots. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) A number of signals are carried simultaneously on the same medium by allocating to each signal a different frequency band.
9 Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital signal to be transmitted Multiple digital signals interleaved in time May be at bit level of blocks Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed Time slots allocated even if no data Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed amongst sources
10 Time Division Multiplexing
11 TDM System
12 TDM Link Control No headers and trailers Data link control protocols not needed Flow control Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed If one channel receiver can not receive data, the others must carry on The corresponding source must be quenched This leaves empty slots Error control Errors are detected and handled by individual channel systems
13 Data Link Control on TDM
14 Digital Carrier Systems Hierarchy of TDM USA/Canada/Japan use one system ITU-T use a similar (but different) system US system based on DS-1 format Multiplexes 24 channels (64Kbps/channel) Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus one framing bit 193 bits per frame (24x8 +1 =193) Single voice channel =8KHz (Nyquist rate=2b, 4Kx2=8K Samples per sec, 8bit per sample)
15 Digital Carrier Systems For voice each channel contains one word of digitized data PCM at 8000 samples per sec Data rate 8000x193 = 1.544Mbps (193=24x8+1) DS1, T1 Same format for digital data 23 channels of data 24th channel is reserved for a special sync byte
16 Digital Carriers (TDM Hierarchy) Digital Signal Designation Bandwidth/dat a rate Channels (DS0s) Carrier designation DS0 64 kbps 1 DS Mbps 24 T1 DS1C Mbps 48 T1c DS Mbps 96 T2 DS Mbps 672 T3 = 7xT2 DS Mbps 4032 T4 = 6xT3 DS Mbps 5760 T5 = 60 xt2
17 SONET/SDH (1) Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) An optical transmission interface originally proposed by Bellcore and standardized by ANSI Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) SONET compatible standard published by ITU-T
18 SONET/SDH (2) Signal Hierarchy Synchronous Transport Signal level 1 (STS-1) or Optical Carrier level 1 (OC-1)=51.84Mbps, 51.88x10 6 /65K=810 DS0 channels STS-3/OC-3, Mbps=51.84x3Mbps STS-192/OC-192, Mbps= 51.84x192Mbps STS-768/OC-768, 40Gbps = 51.84x768Mbps = 622,080xDS0 ITU-T lowest rate is Mbps (STM-1)
19 Statistical TDM In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically based on demand Multiplexer scans input lines and collects data until frame full Data rate on line lower than aggregate rates of input lines
20 Synchronous Vs. Statistical TDM Synchronous TDM A B C D A B C D A B C D Statistical TDM A B A D C
21 Statistical TDM Frame Formats
22 Performance Output data rate is less than aggregate input rates (the average amount of input is less than the capacity of the multiplexed line). May cause problems during peak periods Buffer inputs Keep buffer size to minimum to reduce delay
23 Buffer Size and Delay
24 Cable Modem Outline Two channels from cable TV provider dedicated to data transfer One in each direction Each channel is shared by a number of subscribers Scheme needed to allocate capacity Statistical TDM
25 Cable Modem Operation Downstream Cable scheduler delivers data in small packets If more than one subscriber active, each gets fraction of downstream capacity May get 500kbps to 20Mbps Also used to grant (allocate) upstream time slots to subscribers Upstream User requests timeslots on shared upstream channel. Dedicated slots are allocated for this request. Headend scheduler sends back assignment of future time slots to subscriber using downstream
26 Cable Modem Scheme
27 Frequency Division Multiplexing
28 FDM System
29 Wavelength Division Multiplexing Multiple beams of light at different frequency Carried by optical fiber A form of FDM Each colour of light (wavelength) carries separate data channel 1997 Bell Labs 100 beams Each at 10 Gbps Giving 1 terabit per second (Tbps) Lab systems (Alcatel) 256 channels at 39.8 Gbps each 10.1 Tbps Over 100km
30 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) signal is broadcast over seemingly random series of frequencies receiver hops between frequencies in sync with transmitter eavesdroppers hear unintelligible blips jamming on one frequency affects only a few bits
31 Frequency Hopping Example
32 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) a multiplexing technique used with spread spectrum given a data signal rate D break each bit into k chips according to a fixed chipping code specific to each user resulting new channel has chip data rate kd chips per second can have multiple channels superimposed
33 CDMA Example
34 NFC Near-field communications, an extremely short-range wireless technology, will soon revolutionize payment and access systems.
35 NFC in Train, Subway Pay Applications Using an NFC-enabled phone to exit a London train station Japan s subway entry
36 NFC Parking Applications Using NFC to pay parking Parking meters equipped with NFC stickers
37 NFC in Public Transportation
38 NFC Applications Tokyo, a candy store
39 NFC Enabled Washer/Dryer
40 NFC-Enabled Action Figures An NFC tag in the action figure contains the strengths and attributes of each character, while the portal that reads the NFC tag can bring those characters back into the video game.
41 NFC-Enabled Headphone Pair, dwonload, and play music from an NFC-Compatible device with a tap of the headphone.
42 NFC-Enabled SmartTags User merely swipe their phone when entering the house to turn on Wi-Fi or launch an app. Entering the car with a SmartTag initiates GPS and navigation.
43 Mobile Wallet Google Play store, T-Mobile, At&T, Verizon
44 Apple Pay iphone 6 and iphone 6 Plus
45 Near/Far Field Far field: the orthogonal electric and magnetic fields extend out from the antenna beyond several wavelengths. The field strength decreases by a factor of 1/d 2, Near field: the field is within one wavelength or less from the antenna. Magnetic field is more dominant. The signal strength decreases by 1/d 6.
46
47
48 NFC Modes
49 NFC Applications Mobile payment device: restaurants, parking lots, theaters, ports stadiums, buses, taxies, airlines, Electronic key: home access, secure buildings, car doors, computers, Pairing: peer-to-peer data exchange Reading of smart stickers or tags: provides specifications, features, price, sales, web link, etc.
50 NFC Chips for Projects, AS3911
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