Chapter 15 The Second Industrial Revolution. Learning Targets
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1 Chapter 15 The Second Industrial Revolution Learning Targets
2 Section 1 The Age of Invention Describe how the development of steel and oil refining affected U.S. industry. Recount the innovations that were made in transportation. Explain how innovations in communications technology changed business practices and daily life in the United States. Discuss why Thomas Edison wanted to open a research laboratory, and describe how it changed America.
3 Learning Target 1: Describe how the development of steel and oil refining affected U.S. industry. Steel Effects on Industry Provided a strong, inexpensive source of building material. Oil Effects on Industry Resulted in the production of kerosene for fuel or light. Allowed the expansion of the railroad industry. Allowed the manufacturing of other important industrial petroleum products. Allowed the construction of sophisticated machinery, bridges, tall buildings, etc. Helped machinery operate.
4 Learning Target 2: Recount the innovations that were made in transportation. The Railroad: promoted western settlement, urban growth, economic prosperity The Automobile: largely limited to wealthy Americans The Airplane: offered new transportation possibilities All three innovations made travel more efficient and brought Americans into closer contact with each other.
5 Learning Target 3: Explain how innovations in communications technology changed business practices and daily life in the United States. The telegraph: allowed businesses to place longdistance orders very quickly; sent information for businesses, government, newspapers, and private citizens; quicker than other methods (mail); The telephone: speak without being together; could have been more private; more than one million had been installed in homes and businesses; allowed businesses to place long-distance orders very quickly The typewriter: allowed the quick production of legible documents; several copies at once with carbon paper; women had a professional, skilled job All three innovations brought Americans closer together.
6 Learning Target 4: Discuss why Thomas Edison wanted to open a research laboratory, and describe how it changed American life. Why??? Edison hoped to make important and profitable advances in science. How did some of his inventions (lightbulb, phonograph, motion-picture camera) change American life? Edison s inventions transformed American life in various ways; inventions created new industries.
7 Section 2 The Rise of Big Business Describe the arguments that business leaders and social critics made about government s role in business. Recount how business strategies changed during the Second Industrial Revolution. Discuss how entrepreneurs took advantage of changes in business organization. Explain how new methods of marketing products changed American life.
8 Learning Target 1: Describe the arguments that business leaders and social critics made about government s role in business. Arguments Regarding Government s Role in Business Business Leaders 1. Individuals should be self-reliant 2. Businesses would prosper without government interference 3. Government interference would reduce self-reliance Social Critics 1. All citizens should own all means of production 2. Factory life and poor working conditions harmed workers 3. Government would prevent the best businesses from rising to the top
9 Learning Target 2: Recount how business strategies changed during the Second Industrial Revolution. New strategies: Corporation-organizers raise money by selling shares of stock in the company. Monopoly-a company who holds almost complete control over price and quality of a product. Trusts-a group of companies turn control of their stock over to a common board of trustees; the trustees then run all of the companies as a single enterprise.
10 Learning Target 3: Discuss how entrepreneurs took advantage of changes in business organization. Carnegie created corporations and used vertical integration to dominate the steel industry. Rockefeller also created corporations and used horizontal integration to dominate the oil industry. Vanderbilt bought and consolidated many railroad lines. Westinghouse introduced and controlled a crucial railroad innovation, the compressed-air brake. Pullman controlled the passenger-railroad-car industry.
11 Learning Target 4: Explain how new methods of marketing products changed American life. The creation of a consumer culture strengthened economic growth. Department stores and chain stores gave women a new place to work and shop. Catalogs gave rural residents access to a variety of goods.
12 Section 3 Labor Strives to Organize Understand why some Americans wanted trusts to be banned, and recount how the government responded. Describe the working conditions that laborers faced in the new age of rapid industrialization. Discuss how the Knights of Labor attempted to address the needs of many workers. Explain how businesses reacted to strikes in the late 1800s, and describe how this affected unions.
13 Learning Target 1: Understand why some Americans wanted trusts to be banned, and recount how the government responded. Argued the without competition, large monopolies would not maintain quality or keep prices low. American s Arguments Against Trusts Government Response Passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Failed to define a monopoly or trust Presented serious enforcement problems Problems with the Act
14 Learning Target 2: Describe the working conditions that laborers faced in the new age of rapid industrialization. Working conditions during the Second Industrial Revolution: 1 low pay 2 dangerous working conditions 3 discrimination 4 long working hours
15 Learning Target 3: Discuss how the Knights of Labor attempted to address the needs of many workers. Welcomed both skilled and unskilled workers Women could join the Knights of Labor In 1883 blacks were encouraged to join The union fought for temperance, the eighthour workday, equal pay for equal work, and an end to child labor.
16 Learning Target 4: Explain how businesses reacted to strikes in the late 1800s, and describe how this affected unions. Reactions: blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, lockouts, and violent attacks. Affects: these techniques hurt most unions. They caused many skilled workers to break with unskilled workers and join the AFL.
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