STUDY GUIDE FOR 2D DESIGN FINAL EXAM Ms. Patrick THE ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

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1 STUDY GUIDE FOR 2D DESIGN FINAL EXAM Ms. Patrick Name: Hour: THE ELEMENTS OF DESIGN LINE * SHAPE * FORM * VALUE * COLOR * TEXTURE * SPACE LINE Line - Any long narrow mark made by a person with a pencil or other drawing/painting tool such as: wavy, zigzag, loopty-loop (Curly-Q), straight, and/or combinations & variations there of (thick, thin, short, long, etc.) Line Combinations Attaching two types of lines (such as a zigzag onto a wavy line) to form a new looking and interesting line Linear Relating to, or consisting of, a line or lines

2 Line Direction A mark or several marks that lead a viewer s eye to a specific area within an artwork Line Variations A change in the appearance of the basic line such as: thick/thin, tall/short, long/short, different directions (vertical, horizontal and/or diagonal), combinations, etc. An example of line variety Weight - Visual weight can be attained by a concentration of multiple lines, with the broadside of a pencil or other writing implement. visual weight

3 Contour - To quickly draw the outline, including only the main details, without lifting your pencil off the paper. Hatch and Cross-Hatch Lines - A series of lines that are more or less parallel to each other are called hatch lines. Bisecting those lines in series format will yield cross-hatched lines. Outline To draw the silhouette of a subject with one continuous single line.

4 COLOR Primary Colors - Red, Yellow, & Blue are the first basic colors on the Color Wheel chart. From these three (3) colors, an artist can mix all of the other colors that appear on the Color Wheel Secondary Colors - The various mixing combinations of the primary colors; which yield Orange, Purple, and Green Intermediate/Tertiary These colors are formed when a primary color is mixed with a secondary color that is immediately next to it on the Color Wheel; which yields the colors Red-orange, Red-purple, Blue-purple, Bluegreen, Yellow-green, yellow-orange

5 Shade -A change in a color s Value from the lightest/brightest towards the darkest/dullest; and includes the value scale of grays from white to black. Tint - A change in a color s Value from the darkest/dullest towards the lightest/brightest; and includes the value scale of grays from black to white. Neutral Having little or no decided color Hue The name of a particular color. In casual speech and writing, the words color or hue are used synonymously Tone - A relative measure of a color s lightness or darkness; often-called value. When grey is added to any color we get tones of that color.

6 Complimentary color scheme: Colors that are directly opposite of one another on the color wheel. blue and orange Analogous color scheme: Three or maximum four colors, which are directly next to each other on the color wheel. (For example: yellow-orange, orange, and red-orange) Monochromatic color scheme: One color and all the shades and tints of that color. Neutrals may also be added to this type of color scheme An example of a red monochromatic palette

7 Color wheel An abstract illustrative organization of color hues around a circle that shows relationships between primary colors, secondary colors, complementary colors etc. VALUE Value - A range of various shades and tints and/or white to black; including all the tones/hues that occur between the two extremes. value scale Gradation - Noticeable variations/changes in value, tones, sizes, shapes, forms, etc. gradation Light Source/Sun Source In painting and drawing, the location of the light/sun source(s) illuminating the subject is critical. Shadows that are important to the entire effect of the artwork is dependent on the light/sun source moving the light can change everything. The artist should always be aware of the problems that extreme differences in lighting may cause

8 SHAPE Shape - Objects that have both height and width. The word shape is associated with 2 - dimensional artworks Two Dimensional or 2D - Objects that have or only appear to have both height and width Geometric Shapes The basic geometric shapes predominantly used in art are the square, rectangle, triangle, oval and circle Overlapping - One subject on top/beneath of another or in front/behind of another subject. Organic Shapes Not having angular edges and/or corners; rather smooth and curvilinear in its shape or form. It is sometimes referred to, and/or inspired by nature or biomorphic shapes and forms

9 FORM Form - The three dimensional (3D) characteristics of an object that is height, width and depth. The word form can be used when describing both 2 and 3-dimensional artworks example of a 3D form example of a 2D form

10 Size Variation - A change in height, depth and/or width Perspective - Also known as Linear Perspective; which is the art of drawing and painting where objects appear to have depth and distance. Developed in the 15 th century AD, all parallel lines in a given field converge at a vanishing point(s) on the horizon line Vanishing Point - A point at which receding lines meet in linear perspective Horizon Line - The imaginary line where the sky and earth meet

11 One Point Perspective - Linear perspective that uses only one vanishing point Two Point Perspective - Linear perspective that uses two vanishing points

12 TEXTURE Texture - The use of various techniques to increase either the actual or the apparent tactile quality of a surface (how it really feels in a 3-D artwork, or how the surface in a 2- D artwork appears to have a tactile quality such as rough or smooth) example of texture in a 2D artwork example of texture in a 3D artwork

13 SPACE Positive Space: The artwork s subject, shapes, and/or forms themselves Negative Space: The empty or open area that is above, below, in-between and/or all around the defined object

14 Background/Deep Space All areas of an artwork that appear to be behind the emphasis or focal point. background mid-ground foreground Foreground/Shallow Space All areas of an artwork that appear in front of the emphasis or focal point. THE PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN PATTERN * RHYTHM * MOVEMENT * BALANCE * EMPHASIS * CONTRAST * UNITY / HARMONY PATTERN Lines, shapes and/or forms that are repeated over and over in a planned way

15 RHYTHM A visual tempo or beat. A way of combining visual elements to produce a sense of action. It is often achieved through the careful placement of repeated components which invite the viewer s eye to jump rapidly or glide smoothly from one to the next. MOVEMENT A combination of elements that helps the viewer s eye sweep over the work in a planned direction

16 BALANCE How the different parts of an artwork are arranged to create equal weight and/or interest The butterfly below by itself is essentially symmetrical. Both sides are similar in visual weight and almost mirrored. Because symmetrical balance often looks more stiff and formal, sometimes it is called formal balance. This image by Robert K. Everest exhibits a sense of balance through its use of color and shape. The colors seem to flow in a similar fashion: the dark blue at the top which is contrasted by the yellows and greens, which therefore moves into reds and purples near the bottom of the painting. The image is asymmetrical in balance. EMPHASIS / FOCAL POINT (Dominance) Areas in an artwork that catch or hold the viewer s attention Emphasis refers to the object or element which first catches our attention. In this painting, our eye is first drawn to the woman's face on the right edge. It has been heightened in the value contrast, color intensity, color contrast (orange hair and bright red lips contrast with the green of her forehead), and proportion (she is the largest person).

17 CONTRAST (Variety, or Gradation) - The use of different lines, shapes, textures, colors and other elements of design to create interest in a work of art. Closely related to the principle of design, emphasis, this term (contrast) refers to a way of placing elements of art side-by-side to stress the differences between them. For example, a painting may have bright color, which contrasts with dark colors or angular shapes which contrast with curvaceous shapes. When used this way, contrast can excite, emphasize and direct attention to points of interest within the artwork. Melissa White s painting shows strong contrast between the foreground and the background of this costal scene. The sunny, orange shades of the background give more emphasis to the dark shape of the coast. The reflection of the sun in the water also helps to create a contrast of the coast. UNITY / HARMONY - A pleasing agreement of all the individual parts (elements) within one particular artwork Theresa Andreas-O Leary s painting exhibits unity through the consistency of lines and shapes. The background remains relatively similar throughout the whole picture and the trees, which are all the same kind of tree but all look different, are placed within the foreground. These shapes and lines display a coherence of the whole.