Nuclear chart, magic proton and neutron numbers, measured half-life ranges
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1 Nuclear chart, magic proton and neutron numbers, measured half-life ranges protons neutrons 1
2 NUBASE evaluation: exp. decay modes Audi et al., Nucl. Phys. A 729 (2003)
3 History of radioactivity Henri Becquerel (1890's) discovers that various uranium salts emit unknown "rays" that penetrate paper and expose photographic plate Marya Sklodovska Marie Curie (1896) works with "pitchblende" (mixture of uranium ore and others), isolates two new chemical elements that are highly "ray-producing (= radioactive): radium (Z=88), this element is a million times more radioactive than natural uranium, and polonium (Z=84), named after her home country Poland 3
4 History of radioactivity Marie Curie won two Nobel prizes: 1903 in physics (radioactivity), with husband Pierre Curie 1911 in chemistry (two new elements, Po and Ra) Her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and her son-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie also also won Nobel prize, in chemistry (1935) 4
5 Nuclear decay modes: α decay (helium-4 emission) in heavy nuclei, α particles form in nuclear surface region α particles tunnel through potential barrier formed by Coulomb + strong nuclear interaction Example: U Th He uranium thorium α parent nucleus (Z,N) daughter nucleus (Z-2,N-2) + α Note: total numbers of A, Z, and N conserved in α decay 5
6 The radioactive decay law See related notes in section 2.1a Topics: decay rate, half-life, mean life, level width activity A(t) of radioactive substance 6
7 Theory of α decay: George Gamov (1928) tunneling through a potential barrier See related notes in section 2.1a 7
8 Nuclear decay modes: β - decay (electron emission) Basic weak interaction decay (note charge conservation): neutron proton + electron + anti-neutrino Example: Th Pa + e - + anti-neutrino thorium protactinium parent nucleus (Z,N) daughter nucleus (Z+1,N-1) + Note: total number of A is conserved in β - decay 8
9 β - decay: interpretation in terms of quarks and W boson neutron = (u d d), proton = (u u d) d u + W - charges: -1/3 +2/3-1 9
10 Nuclear decay modes: β + decay (positron emission) Basic weak interaction decay (note charge conservation): proton neutron + positron + neutrino Example: 13 7 N 13 6 C + e + + neutrino nitrogen carbon parent nucleus (Z,N) daughter nucleus (Z-1,N+1) + Note: total number of A is conserved in β + decay Practical application: positron emission tomography (PET) 10
11 Nuclear decay modes: gamma decay Spontaneous photon emission is explained by quantum electrodynamics (QED). Even in the vacuum state, there are always zero-point vibrations of the electromagnetic fields which couple to the electric charges and currents of the nucleons, thus producing EM radiation. Classical treatment : J.D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 3 rd edition, chapter 9.11 QED treatment (brief summary): Shankar, QM, 2 nd edition, p Angular momentum selection rules are determined by Clebsch-Gordan Coefficients (Wigner-Eckart theorem, see e.g. Shankar p. 420) 11
12 spontaneous fission: example Californium Cf Sn Cd + 3n heavy fission fragment light fission fragment Sizable spontaneous fission is observed in heavy transuranic isotopes. For 252 Cf one finds (Nuclear Wallet Cards, BNL, 2005): α-decay probability = % spontaneous fission probability = 3.09 % Total half-life (mostly α) = years Spontaneous fission half life 100 years 12
13 Fission products from spontaneous fission of 252 Cf 13
14 Fission mass distributions spontaneous fission of 252 Cf; thermal neutron fission of U and Pu Ref: A.C. Wahl, Symposium on Physics and Chemistry of Fission (1965), IAEA, Vienna 14
15 spontaneous fission: half-lives Spontaneous fission half-lives of actinide isotopes vary by 22 orders of magnitude. For 252 Cf one obtains about 100 years. 15
16 Second frontier: superheavy elements in heavy-ion fusion reactions Ref: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven 16
17 Exp. discovery of superheavy element Z=117 at Dubna (Russia) Vanderbilt physicists involved: Professors Hamilton and Ramayya Phys. Rev. LeE. 104, (2010) The isotopes and were produced in fusion reacmons between Ca and Bk. Decay chains involving 11 new nuclei were idenmfied by means of the Dubna gas- filled recoil separator. The measured decay propermes show a strong rise of stability for heavier isotopes with Z 111, validamng the concept of the long sought island of enhanced stability for superheavy nuclei. 17
18 Nuclear decay modes: exotic Proton radioactivity: spontaneous p and 2p emission at proton dripline Neutron radioactivity: spontaneous n and 2n emission at neutron dripline cluster emission of heavier ions, e.g. 14 C, 24 Ne, 18
19 Nuclear chart and the frontier of neutron-rich nuclei Ref: Isotope Science Facility proposal, MSU (Nov. 2006) 19
20 Exp. data: neutron dripline for light nuclei (up to Z=8) Ref: RIA Physics White Paper, Raleigh, NC conference (2000) 20
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