A hypothetical organism has 10 chromosomes for each of its body cells (somatic cells).

Transcription

1 Station 1 A hypothetical organism has 10 chromosomes for each of its body cells (somatic cells). a. Skin cells are continuously being rubbed off and replaced. How many chromosomes will be contained in each new skin cell that is replaced? b. The diploid number for this organism is. c. The female of this organism has eggs for gametes. The number of chromosomes in each of the gamete cells is.

2 Station 2 What are somatic cells? Provide an example. Sex cells? Provide an example. What type of cell undergoes meiosis? Gametes or Somatic cells

3 Station 3 Meiosis is the reduction of chromosome number by separating alleles/chromosomes through 2 divisions. Meiosis 1: Which phase do homologous chromosomes separate? Line up at equator? How many cells at the end of this division? Meiosis 2: Which phase do sister chromatids separate? Line up at equator? How many cells at the end of this division?

4 Station 4 What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells? Provide an example of each. What is crossing over and which phase does it take place? Complete the statement using genotype and phenotype: determines.

5 Station 5 How are Mitosis and Meiosis different? What allows for variation among organisms? Diploid number is 14; Haploid number Diploid number is ; Haploid number 23

6 Station 6 A B C D What phase are: B H G F C Is this Mitosis or Meiosis? E F G H

7 Station 7 Provide examples of the following: Dominant Allele: Recessive Allele: Homozygous Dominant: Homozygous Recessive: Heterozygous: Genotype: Phenotype:

8 Station 8 Height Shape Flower T= Tall, t= short; R= Round, r= wrinkled; P= purple p=white Determine the following: Heterozygous Height Genotype: Phenotype: Homozygous recessive Flower Genotype: Phenotype: Homozygous dominant shape Genotype: Phenotype: Genotype: Pp Phenotype: Genotype: Phenotype= Tall

9 Station 9 Complete a Punnett Square of a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive pea plants for height. What percent will be tall? Short? Complete a Punnett Square of two heterozygous pea plants for flower color. What percent will be purple? white?

10 Station 10 Complete a Punnett Square of a homozygous dominant and a heterozygous pea plants for pea color. Create a ratio for green and yellow genotypes and phenotypes! Complete a Punnett Square of two heterozygous pea plants for round shape. Create a ratio for both genotypes and phenotypes!

11 Station 11 How are monohybrid crosses and dihybrid crosses different? What would be in the boxes (1,2,3) for this dihybrid. What would the Phenotype be? S- Round/Smooth; Y- Yellow 1 3 2

12 Station 12 Explain the following Laws: Law of Dominance Law of Independent Assortment (exception?) Law of Segregation

13 Station 13 Match the Pattern of Inheritance with the example: Law of Dominance Polygenic Trait Incomplete Dominance Multiple Alleles Codominance Cross Red and White- Red and White Offspring Cross Red and White- Red Offspring Cross Dark Brown and Light Blue Eyes- Hazel Eyes Cross Red and White- Pink Offspring Cross AB & O blood type- A or B Blood Type Offspring

14 Station 14 Crossing over is. Alleles will separate if. What are linked genes?

15 Station 15 Incomplete Dominance Punnett Square. R R r What are the possible phenotypes? R= Red; r= White r R W Codominance Punnett Square. W What are the possible phenotypes? R= Red; W= White W

16 Station 16 Interpret the Pedigree. - How many girls are affected? Boys? - How many marriages? - How many children did I1 and I2 have? - Which are carriers/heterozygous?

17 Station 17 1 Identify the following pedigrees as: Dominant autosomal Recessive sex-linked Recessive autosomal 2 3

18 Station 18 Mutations will be passed down if. What is nondisjunction? Provide an example of a disorder as a result of nondisjunction. What is a mutagen? Provide an example.

19 Station 19 Provide 3 examples of disorders due to gene mutations: Provide 3 examples of disorders due to chromosomal mutations:

20 Agenda Have Study Guide out Quick Review: What separate in Meiosis 1? Meiosis 2? What is a carrier? Sex-linked trait affect mainly. Review of Meiosis and Heredity Round Robin

21 Station 1 A hypothetical organism has 10 chromosomes for each of its body cells (somatic cells). a. Skin cells are continuously being rubbed off and replaced. How many chromosomes will be contained in each new skin cell that is replaced? 10 b. The diploid number for this organism is. 10 c. The female of this organism has eggs for gametes. The number of chromosomes in each of the gamete cells is. 5

22 Station 2 What are somatic cells? Provide an example. Body cells that create organs and tissue (identical cells) not related to reproduction of a new organism. EX: skin, liver, brain, etc. Sex cells? Provide an example. Unique cells that develop from germ cells to create new organism through sexual reproduction EX: egg and sperm ONLY What type of cell undergoes meiosis? Gametes or Somatic cells

23 Station 3 Meiosis is the reduction of chromosome number by separating alleles/chromosomes through 2 divisions. Meiosis 1: Which phase do homologous chromosomes separate? Line up at equator? How many cells at the end of this division Separate- Anaphase 1; Middle- Metaphase 1; 2 haploid cells Meiosis 2: Which phase do sister chromatids separate? Line up at equator? How many cells at the end of this division? Separate- Anaphase 2; Middle- Metaphase 2; 4 haploid cells

24 Station 4 What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells? Provide an example of each. Haploid cell has one set of chromosomes while a diploid cell will have two sets of chromosomes (one from mother and one from father). Haploid- Egg/Sperm; Diploid- Skin, Liver, Brain etc. What is crossing over and which phase does it take place? Exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during Prophase 1 of Meiosis 1 Complete the statement using genotype and phenotype: Genotype determines. Phenotype

25 Station 5 How are Mitosis and Meiosis different? Mitosis- 2 diploid cells created, somatic, no crossing over, identical cells made Meiosis- 4 haploid cells created, gametes, crossing over, unique cells made What allows for variation among organisms? Crossing over- exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes (pair from mother and father) Diploid number is 14; Haploid number 7 Diploid number is ; 46 Haploid number 23

26 Station 6 A B C D What phase are: B G C Metaphase 1 Anaphase 2 Anaphase 1 H F Telophase 2 Metaphase 2 Is this Mitosis or Meiosis? E F G H Meiosis

27 Station 7 Provide examples of the following: Dominant Allele: T (any capital letter) Allele- variation of a trait Homozygous Dominant: Homozygous Recessive: Heterozygous: Recessive Allele: t (any lowercase letter) TT (two capital letters) tt (two lowercase letter) Tt (one of each allele capital and lower case letters) Genotype: Refers to genes (TT, Tt, tt) Phenotype: Refers to physical expression of genotype (Tall, Short)

28 Station 8 Height Shape Flower T= Tall, t= short; R= Round, r= wrinkled; P= purple p=white Determine the following: Heterozygous Height Genotype: Tt Phenotype: Homozygous recessive Flower Genotype: Phenotype: Homozygous dominant shape Genotype: RR Phenotype: Heterozygous flower Homozygous dominant height Genotype: or Heterozygous height pp Genotype: Pp Phenotype: TT or Tt Tall white Phenotype= Tall round purple

29 Station 9 Complete a Punnett Square of T a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive pea plants for height. What percent T will be tall? Short? 100% Tall (all have dominant allele) and 0% short Complete a Punnett Square of two heterozygous pea plants for flower color. What percent will be purple? white? 75% Purple and 25% white P p t Tt Tt P PP Pp t Tt Tt p Pp pp

30 Station 10 Complete a Punnett Square of a homozygous dominant and a heterozygous pea plants for pea color. Create a ratio for green and yellow genotypes and phenotypes! Yellow: Green YY: Yy: yy 4:0 2: 2 Complete a Punnett Square of two heterozygous pea plants for round shape. Create a ratio for both genotypes and phenotypes! Round: Wrinkled RR: Rr: rr 3:1 1: 2 : 1 Y Y R r Y YY YY R RR Rr y Yy Yy r Rr rr

31 How are two traits together monohybrid crosses and dihybrid crosses different? What would be in the boxes (1,2,3) for this dihybrid. What would the Phenotype be? S- Round/Smooth; Y- Yellow Station 11 Monohybrid- examine probability of inheriting one trait Dihybrid- probability of inheriting 1- SSYy; Round and Yellow 2- Ssyy; Round and green 3- ssyy; wrinkled and yellow 1 3 2

32 Station 12 Explain the following Laws: Law of Dominance If a trait has a dominant allele, then that dominant allele will be shown/expressed A recessive allele will only be physically seen if a dominant allele is absent Law of Independent Assortment (exception?) Alleles are inherited independently of another; Exception being linked genes (genes located closely together on the SAME chromosome) Law of Segregation Alleles are separated during gamete formation (Meiosis)

33 Station 13 Match the Pattern of Inheritance with the example: Law of Dominance Polygenic Trait Incomplete Dominance Multiple Alleles Codominance Cross Red and White- Red and White Offspring Cross Red and White- Red Offspring Cross Dark Brown and Light Blue Eyes- Hazel Eyes Cross Red and White- Pink Offspring Law of Dominance Cross AB & O blood type- A or B Blood Type Offspring Codominance (both expressed Polygenic Trait Incomplete Dominance (expression IN between) Multiple Allele

34 Station 14 Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes Crossing over is. They are located on separate chromosomes or are Alleles will separate if. far a part on the same chromosome What are linked genes? Genes that tend to be inherited together as they are so close together on the chromosome that it is unlikely that crossing over will separate them Ex: red hair and freckles, blonde hair and blue eyes; broad nose and big ears

35 Station 15 Incomplete Dominance Punnett Square. R r Remember: IN between What are the possible R RR Rr phenotypes? R= Red; r= White Red- RR; Pink- Rr; White- rr Rr rr r R W Codominance Punnett Square. W Remember: BOTH expressed What are the possible phenotypes? R= Red; W= White W RW RW WW WW

36 Station 16 Interpret the Pedigree. - How many girls are affected? Boys? - How many marriages? 3 - How many children did I1 and I2 have? - Which are carriers/heterozygous? Girls- 2 (circle) Boys- 3 (square) 2 All unaffected individuals are Tt (III2 and III4 could also be TT)

37 Dominant- if occurs in every generation Recessive- if it skips a generation Sex-Linked- If mainly boys have disorder Autosomal- if equal amount of boys and girls exhibit disorder Station 17 Identify the following pedigrees as: 1 Dominant autosomal recessive sex-linked Recessive autosomal

38 Station 18 Mutations will be passed down if. Mutations are in sex cells What is nondisjunction? Provide an example of a disorder as a result of nondisjunction. when chromosomes do not separate properly during anaphase and the result is an abnormal number of chromosomes; Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome What is a mutagen? Provide an example. A mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that causes a mutation; example: UV Radiation, X Rays, Tobacco Smoke

39 Station 19 Provide 3 examples of disorders due to gene mutations: Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, Huntington s disease, Cystic Fibrosis, and Albinism. Provide 3 examples of disorders due to chromosomal mutations: Turner Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome, and Down Syndrome

40 Now? Notebooks due tomorrow and DUT pages 168, 170, 172