All About Electric Cars

Transcription

1 電車的一切 All About Electric Cars Charles S Ih Emeritus Prof. Electrical Engineering University of Delaware ih@udel.edu

2 All About Electric Cars Charles S Ih Emeritus Prof. Electrical Engineering University of Delaware ih@udel.edu

3 A. Introduction Brief History Definition B. Comparison IC (Conventional) Car Electric Car (EC) EV (Electric Vehicle) PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) Fuel Cell Vehicles C. Available Electric Cars

4 D. EC Advantages and Remaining Issues E. Economics F Volt Specifications My Experience F. Conclusion

5 A. Introduction Brief History About 100 yrs ago, people also interested in EC (Electric Car) because IC cars difficult to start and not too many highways to driving on Woods Motor Vehicle, "hybrid" $2,650. Other cars, $360. Recent interest in EC, due to Government regulations to reduce greenhouse gas. Cars produce 40% of greenhouse gas in Ca.

6 A. Introduction Brief History (cont.) Jan. 1996, GM EV1. $35,000 with Nickel-Cadmium battery, double the ER, $18,000 vs $600 lead acid battery. The GM stopped the EV1 project in Who Killed the Electric Car? The Volt was introduced in 2011 and Nissan Leaf and Tesla model S in All new EC's use lithium ion batteries with even higher ER.

7 A. Introduction EC (Electric Car) Definition Propelled only by electrical means EV (Electric Vehicle) is EC PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) May be or may not be EC by my definition

8 A. Introduction EC (Electric Car) Definition Propelled only by electrical means PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) ER (Electric Range) > 30 miles is EC ER < 30 miles is most likely not EC

9 B. Comparisons IC (Conventional) Car Electric Car (EC) EV (Electric Vehicle) PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) (In Electric mode) Fuel Cell Vehicles

10 B. Comparisons IC (Conventional) Car Internal Combustion Engine, lower efficiency, low torque at low speed (use transmission, gear box), energy conversion irreversible, using fossil fuel and emitting greenhouse gases. Currently still the most economical and convenient to operate.

11 B. Comparison Electric Car (EC) EV (Electric Vehicle) and PHEV (ER > 30 miles) Much higher efficiency, provides required torque at all speed, great accelerations, energy conversion reversible, regenerative speed reduction and braking possible, may not need fossil fuel and thus emitting no greenhouse gases possible. Too expensive, slow charging, lack charging infrastructure.

12 B. Comparisons Fuel Cell Vehicles Many appealing features: emitting no greenhouse gases, quick refueling, long driving ranges. However, fuel cell technology not yet mature and susceptible to damage, green hydrogen very expensive, conventional hydrogen source worse than GH gas, one ton of hydrogen, also producing 9 to 12 tons of CO2. Transportation of hydrogen not simple.

13 C. Available Electric Cars Electric Vehicle (EV) Tesla Model, S, 240 miles, $71,000 Tesla Model X, 250 miles, $80,000 Nissan LEAF, 107 miles, $29,000 Chevrolet Spark EV, 82 miles, $26,000 Tesla Model 3, 200 miles, $35,000 Chevrolet Bolt, 200 miles, $37,500 Tesla Model S P100D, > 300 miles.k

14 C. Available Electric Cars Electric Vehicle (EV) (Cont.) Mercedes B-Class Electric Drive, 85 miles, $42,400 Fiat 500e, 84 miles, $32,600 Volkswagen E-Golf, 83 miles, $29,800 BMW i3, 81 miles, $43,300 Smart Electric Drive, 68 miles, $25,000 Mitsubishi i-miev, 62 miles, $23,800

15 C. Available Electric Cars Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Chevy Volt, 53 miles, $34,000. Forbes TestDrive, ideal EV, 8/24/16 Cadillac ELR, 37 miles, $76,000 Karma Automotive Revero, 50 miles, $1,150,000 Mitsubishi Outlander GX5h, 32 miles, 40,899. Audi A3 E-Tron, 16 miles, $37,900 BMW 330e, 14 miles, $43,700 BMW i8, 25 miles, $137,000 BMW X5 xdrive40e, 13 miles, $64,000

16 C. Available Electric Cars Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) (Cont.) Ford C-Max Energi, 19 miles, $32,600 Ford Fusion Energi, 19 miles, $33,900 Hyundai Sonata, 27 miles, $35,400. 6speed auto transmission. Mercedes C350, 20 miles, $46,400 Mercedes S550, 20 miles, TBD (Bigger car) Porsche Cayenne S, 14 miles, $78,000 Porsche Panamera S, 16 miles, $93,000 Porsche 918 Spyder, 12 miles,$845,000

17 C. Available Electric Cars Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) (Cont.) Toyota Prius (Prime), 22 miles, TBD Volvo XC90 T8, 17 miles, $69,000 McLaren P1, Coupe, 19 miles, $1,150,000

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21 D. EC Advantages and Remaining Issues Electric motors are simple, efficiency, 90%. good torque at all speed. No "transmissions". Best acceleration possible. "Tank to wheel", 3 4 times more efficient than IC cars. (80% vs 20%). Regenerative braking/speed reduction can recover 70% of the energy, reducing brake wear. Charging efficiency 90%, Wireless charging, 80%

22 D. EC Advantages and Remaining Issues (cont.) May not need fossil fuel and thus no greengas emission. No local gas emissions. No noise pollution. Maintain high efficiency in stop-and-go traffic. In EC, power is measured in kilowatts (kw). 100 kw is about 134 horsepower. The performance is better than a 134 horsepower IC engine, much better in acceleration and hill climbing.

23 D. EC Advantages and Remaining Issues (cont.) Remaining Issues EC Cost still too high Incomplete charging standards, level 1 and 2, OK. High speed DC charging, no standard. Charging speed slow, both technical and infrastructure. Charging infrastructure needs improvement quickly.

24 E. Economics EC Cost still too high High battery cost plus complicate system design and control electronics (Firmware) for PHEV Battery cost is expected to go down. Governments use financial incentives (tax credit, rebate) and other (car pool lane permit) to promote more EC use.

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26 E. Economics (cont.) All Manufacturers claim that the operation cost of EV is low, 3 ~ 5 cents per mile. All publications state the same. This is true only if you charge the car at home at the most favorable rate. The electricity rate in the U. S. is complicated. It varies with locations and with the time of day.

27 E. Economics (cont.) If you plan to buy an EC, check your local rates and make sure to use the most favorable rate to charge car at the right time (usually after 12:00 am). In many places, the rate is tiered. If you don't change the electricity rate plan, the highest rate is used. The best is to use a separate meter for the charging.

28 E. Economics (cont.) Commercial charging stations are expensive and not expected to go down. As a comparison, Home charging, (8 12) to 40 cents/kwh, Charging Stations, > 50 cents/kwh. At this rate, it is more expensive than gasoline. Tesla Model S & X, free charging for life. Model 3, TBD. Rumor says, buy a charging plan or $40/charge.

29 F Volt SPECIFICATIONS 2016 Chevrolet Volt Premier, Green Car of the Year, 2016 and 2011 Base Price $ 37,570 Engine Type aluminum alloy, direct fuel injection, regular gasoline Horsepower 5600 rpm Torque (lb-ft) n/a rpm

30 F Volt (cont.) SPECIFICATIONS (cont.) Electric Motors permanent magnet AC synchronous Horsepower n/a rpm, Torque n/a rpm Transmission Voltec electric drive Battery type Li-Ion, 18.4 kwh, Electric range, 53 miles!(very conservative). Total range, 420 miles. Brakes, front/rear vented disc/solid disc plus regenerative braking.

31 F Volt (cont.) SPECIFICATIONS (cont.) Control for Regenerative Speed ReductIon (braking). Drivetrain Front powertrain, front-wheel drive EPA Fuel Economy - miles per gallon (regular gas), 42 mpg, hybrid, 0 to 60 mph 8.4 sec

32 F Volt (cont.) Like all EC's, extreme temperatures, cold or hot, can reduce DR (drive) range by as much as 40%. Using AC or heating can reduce DR by 10 20%. You can use individual seat heating.

33 F Volt (cont.) My Experience Trade-in 2012 model for 2016 model last December. $7,500 Federal tax credit, $1,500 CA rebate, $1,000 GM rebate, $700 Costco "rebate" from Costco auto purchasing program. Got the "last" CA car-pool lane permit. Installed 5.4 kw solar panel when 2012 model was purchased. So my Volt may be considered pollution free. It uses only 4 MWh out 6 MWh produced.

34 F Volt (cont.) My Experience (cont.) Fun to drive, brisk acceleration, always quiet. Always driving carefully, got 72 miles ER, book, 75. Almost never need gas driving locally. To San Francisco, need 1 gallon gas if getting no free charging. Using AC/Heating reduces ER by 10% - 15%. Using individual seat heating to save energy. Regenerative "braking" recovers 70% of the energy. Driving experiences with Volt and Tesla.

35 F Volt (cont.) My Experience (cont.) Had 40,000 miles on my 2012 Volt, no apparent reduction in Electric Range. March 8, 2016, Erick Belmer's 2012 Chevrolet Volt just crossed 300,000 miles (100,000 electric miles), on Facebook, no apparent degradation in its battery range or capacity. So quite a durable and reliable car.

36 G. Conclusion EV is the car of the future. PHEV is the EC now without range anxiety and is the EV in the transition phase. The transition phase is now in the fifth year and may last another 5, 10, 15 or more years. The complete transition to EV requires low cost, fast charging and temperature tolerant batteries. It also requires fast standard charging stations without overloading the Grid.

37 G. Conclusion (cont.) The complete electric Grid needs to upgrade to support the charging infrastructure. The landscape of charging (refueling) stations will be different. Our driving habit needs to change accordingly. (The next slide does not consider the threshold Phenomena)

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39 References 1. The Guide to Electric, Hybrid & Fuel-Efficient Cars, By Jacques Duval and Daniel Breton. Juniper Publishing, 256 pages, ISBN , June List Price $ Car Wars, The Rise, The Fall, And the Resurgence of The Electric Car, by John J. Fialka. Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2015.

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