6. SUMMARY 6.1. Growth performance of five Casuarina species
|
|
- Bartholomew Bond
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Summary
2 6. SUMMARY Casuarina is an important tree species grown extensively in many parts of the India. The studies on genetic improvement in a major fuel wood species depend on the assessment of existing variability for quantitative and qualitative characters and identification of diverse species of Casuarina. The acclimatization of Casuarina species are highly influenced by environmental factors such as optimal climate; drought and black cotton salinity soil in Northern dry zone of Karnataka have not been endeavored so far. Casuarinas have a wide range of environmental adaptability and occupy from high rainfall coastal sites to Northern dry zone of Karnataka. Several farmers favor planting Casuarina in dry zone areas because of its commercial viability. The biometrical techniques and data analysis in the present investigation revealed important finding whose merits are summarize under the following heads Growth performance of five Casuarina species The results of the study reveals that Casuarina equisetifolia has the best growth performance followed by C. glauca among five species studied and appears to be promising for rehabitation of degraded lands in Northern dry zone of Karnataka. Growth performance of Casuarina equisetifolia was better than C. glauca and C. cunninghamiana in black cotton soil. Among eleven quantitative morphological traits studied, total tree height and diameter at breast height had significantly higher effect upon tree biomass in C. equisetifolia and lower in C. obesa. However, qualitative parameters viz., survival, stem straightness, Crown area and number of branches exhibited superior performance in C. equisetifolia and C. cunninghamiana. Physical properties of wood viz., specific gravity, green wood and dry wood density were significantly higher in Casuarina obesa and C. equisetifolia among species. Calorific value of wood was significantly higher in C. equisetifolia among five species. However, effect of Casuarina species on physico-chemical parameters of soil viz., bulk density, soil ph and electrical conductivity resulted in the highest soil enrichment in C. obesa followed by C. equisetifolia and C. cunninghamiana. Soil nitrogen, phosphorous and potash content were significantly higher underneath C. equisetifolia followed by C. glauca and C. obesa.
3 High magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation were recorded for number of root nodules seedling -1, free proline content, number of branches tree -1, Crown area, length of needle, bark thickness and wood volume among the species. Estimation of high heritability with high genetic advance as per cent mean was observed for number of needles seedling -1, number of root nodules seedling -1, total chlorophyll, free prolin content, fresh seedling weight, dry seedling weight, clear bole height, number of branches tree -1, Crown area, length of needle, bark thickness, wood volume and tree biomass revealed that there is a preponderance of additive gene action in these traits. Tree biomass was positively and significantly correlated with seedling height, collar diameter, number of needles seedling -1, number of roots seedling -1, total chlorophyll, fresh seedling weight, dry seedling weight, total tree height; clear bole height, diameter at breast height, Crown area and wood volume at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path analysis revealed that contribution of the volume of wood had highest direct positive effect upon tree biomass among thirteen characters studied at both genotypic and phenotypic levels, partially due to its direct effect through total tree height, seedling height, Crown area, collar diameter, dry seedling weight and clear bole height. However, number of needles seedling -1, fresh seedling weight, total chlorophyll, number of roots seedling -1 and diameter at breast height had direct negative effect upon tree biomass. Various Casuarina species were resolved into 4 clusters based on D² analysis. Cluster IV (Casuarina equisetifolia) would be prolific to maintain future seed material which was grouped in genetically divergent species. Hybridization concerning species of clusters IV and II were advocated in order to achieve high yielding tree biomass in Casuarina. It was inferred from this study that tree biomass contributed maximum percentage towards genetic divergence, followed by wood volume and diameter at breast height among 13 parameters studied in five Casuarina species.
4 6.2. Phenology of five Casuarina species Casuarina equisetifolia have both monoecious as well as dioecious trees while, rest of species viz., C. obesa, C. gluaca C. cunninghamiana and C. cristata were strictly dioecious with bearing female flowers and male flowers on other tree. Casuarina species has two major flowering seasons. The first season is between late January to early May and the second season is from third week of July to early October. Male and female flowering period was found from late January to early May and peak flowering in second week of March to first week of April during first season. However, second season was between third week of July to late October and peak flowering in second week of September to early October was observed. Synchronization of male and female flowering were observed between C. equisetifolia and C. cunninghamiana hence these two species may be utilized for hybridization programme. Phenotypic variability for floral morphological parameters viz., inflorescence length, flower width, stigma length, stigma width and number of floral buds per inflorescence were significantly higher in dioecious trees than monoecious in Casuarina equisetifolia. The female reproductive success was significantly higher in open pollinated trees than cross pollinated and hand self pollinated in all species. Dioecious trees of C. equisetifolia have significantly higher female reproductive success than monoecious trees. The morphological traits viz., length and width of male inflorescence and number of floral whorls cm -1 inflorescence -1 were significantly higher in dioecious trees of C. equisetifolia than monoecious ones. The seed filling cone -1, number of fruit set inflorescence -1, fruit set percentage inflorescence -1 and short duration of fruit maturity (18 week) were superior in C. equisetifolia and C. cunninghamiana Variability of cone / seed parameters in five Casuarina species Variability studies among eight morphological traits of cone viz., fresh cone weight, dry cone weight, cone length, cone width, number of ridges cone -1 and number of seeds cone -1 were significantly higher in dioecious C. equisetifolia and lower in C. obesa followed by C. glauca and C. cristata. Significantly higher number of seeds ridge -1 was exhibited in C. cunninghamiana and dry matter cone -1 in C. glauca among the species.
5 Significantly higher number of seeds g -1 was registered in C. glauca among species. Casuarina equisetifolia (dioecy) was significantly superior over C. equisetifolia (monoecy) and other four species in seed width, seed thickness and 1000 seed test weight. Seeds of C. equisetifolia (monoecy) followed by C. equisetifolia (dioecy) and C. cristata were showed gelatinous layer when compared with other three species. Similarly seed coat and colour of all the species had same texture. Casuarina species indicated a wide variation in its seed size and accordingly the seed were grouped into four sieve size classes. The effect of seed sizes with 2.78 mm and 2.25 mm sieves were promoted higher germination among the species. C. glauca and C. cunninghamiana were on par with each other in (2.78 mm and 2.25 mm) sieves for seed germination. The seeds of C. equisetifolia graded by using sieve size 2.78 mm recorded significantly highest germination per cent and lowest was in C. obesa (Fig.5). It shows that, seed germination percentage differed significantly with respect to seed sizes and germination decrease with decrease in size of seed and vice versa To find out the suitable substrata and pretreatments to improve seed germination Influence of various substratas, growth regulators and pre-treatment for breaking dormancy increased germination percentage. Freshly collected seeds of C. equisetifolia registered significantly highest seed germination and lowest in C. obesa under sand seed tray over other two methods. All five Casuarina species had high percentage of seed germination when stored upto 3 month as compared to 6 month and above for seed storage in sand seed tray method. Casuarina equisetifolia followed by C. glauca recorded higher seed germination while it was lower in C. obesa for seed stored up to 12 month and 15 month. However, seed germination was recorded zero between paper method and soil raised bed substrata for seed stored upto 18 month and 21 month of storage among the species. The higher speed of average seed germination was registered in 18 th day after sowing on sand seed tray method for Casuarina equisetifolia and lowest in C. obesa and C. cristata. The seeds started germinating after 6 days of sowing and germination gradually increased its speed up to 18 th day and was constant for all the species later. C. glauca and C. cunninghamiana were on par with each other for speed of seed
6 germination. The maximum seed vigour index was registered in C. glauca and least in C. obesa. Casuarina glauca and C. equisetifolia were on par with each other for seed vigour. Casuarina equisetifolia seed has stained a deeper red color than the C. obesa at 1 per cent of tetrazolium. Casuarina glauca and C. cunninghamiana were on par with each other for seed viability. Although TZ test for seed viability has been observed upto 21 month storage after harvest in normal room condition, Casuarina seeds had shown the maximum viability upto 3-month storage. The response of pretreatment for seed germination varies with species to species and it was improved with freshly collected seeds upto 3 month storage but its response was declined for longer duration of seed storage. In Casuarina seed germination was significantly higher in combination with GA 3 and KNO 3 for seed stored upto 3 month and unable to germinate afterward among all the treatments. However, C. equisetifolia and C. glauca recorded higher seed germination in combination with GA 3 and KNO 3 upto 18 th and 21 st month of storage period. Among the species, seed germination was recorded zero in combination with hot water, prechilling and cold water pretreatments for stored seeds upto 18 month and above seed storage Variability of half sib progenies in five Casuarina species Growth performance was significantly higher in Casuarina equisetifolia and lower in C. obesa over period of 12 month after sowing of seeds for twelve quantitative morphological traits viz., seedling survival, seedling height, collar diameter, number of branches seedling -1, number of needles seedling -1, needle length, number of inter nodes seedling -1, number of roots seedling -1, root length, number of root nodules seedling -1, suitability index and volume index. However, Casuarina cunninghamiana and C. glauca were on par with each other for growth performance. Growth performance of half sib progenies for seven quantitative traits were significantly higher at 6 month when compared to the 3 month after seed sown, this became less linear and the progenies started showing tremendous growth especially after 12 months of sowing.
7 Present results revealed that the performance of progenies were significantly higher in C. equisetifolia and lower in C. obesa for nine parameters contributing to total seedling biomass. Total nitrogen content in half sib progenies recorded higher in Casuarina equisetifolia and lower in C. obesa. Significant increase in total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b content was observed in C. equisetifolia and lower in both of C. obesa and C. cristata. Casuarina cunninghamiana and C. equisetifolia have maintained significantly higher free proline content and could be inferred as tolerant to drought condition.
1 SEEDLING QUALITY. Seedling quality
Seedling quality Quality versus quantity A nursery manager s most important goal is to produce quality trees. Quality is more important than quantity. It is a common mistake in nurseries to concentrate
More information4th GRADE MINIMUM CONTENTS-NATURAL SCIENCE UNIT 11: PLANTS
PLANT BITS 4th GRADE MINIMUM CONTENTS-NATURAL SCIENCE UNIT 11: PLANTS There are four main parts to a plant. They are the root, stem, leaf and flower. Each part has an important task to do in the life of
More informationVascular Plants Bryophytes. Seedless Plants
plant reproduction The Plants Vascular Plants Bryophytes Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses lack roots and specialized tissues grow in moist, shady areas All have sieve cells and tracheids Seedless Plants Ferns
More informationEFFECT OF MOISTURE STRESS ON COMBINING ABILITY VARIATION FOR BIRD RESISTANCE TRAITS IN SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)
Pak. J. Bot., 40(3): 1319-1328, 2008. EFFECT OF MOISTURE STRESS ON COMBINING ABILITY VARIATION FOR BIRD RESISTANCE TRAITS IN SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) SAEED RAUF 1*, H.A. SADAQAT 1 AND A. NAVEED
More informationTech Prep Articulation
Tech Prep Articulation Agriculture & Natural Resources Tech Prep Education: Tech Prep education in Missouri is an articulated two-year secondary and two or more year post-secondary education program which:
More informationEric Zeldin 1, Jason Fishbach 2, Michael Demchik 3
The Application of Clonal Propagation to the Genetic Improvement of the American Hazelnut A Holistic Approach Presented at the 4th Annual Hazelnut Growers Conference, March 2nd, 2013, Eau Claire, WI Eric
More informationFunctional Biology of Plants
Brochure More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2252012/ Functional Biology of Plants Description: Functional Biology of Plants provides students and researchers with a clearly
More informationTable 3. List of descritors for maize
Table 3. List of descritors for maize Descriptor Descriptor Descriptor state Recording stage Remarks number 1 Accession number 2 Total no. of leaves Record the total number of At flowering leaves per plant
More informationENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
reflect How do you respond to environmental changes? Maybe you wear different types of clothes in different seasons. Maybe you only ride your bike during certain times of the year. What if you moved to
More informationSection 24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers (pages 609 616)
Chapter 24 Reproduction of Seed Plants Section 24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers (pages 609 616) This section describes the reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms. It also explains
More informationPhenology. Phenology and Growth of Grapevines. Vine Performance
Phenology and Growth of Grapevines Ker 2007 1 Soil Depth Texture Water and nutrient supply Climate Radiation Temperature Humidity Windspeed Rainfall Evaporation Cultural decisions Vine density Scion and
More informationGrowing Cocoa Beans. Growing Region
Growing Cocoa Beans All chocolate begins with cocoa beans, the fruit of the cacao tree (also called a cocoa tree). Scientists know that the cacao tree originated somewhere in South or Central America.
More informationTree factsheet images at pages 3, 4, 5
Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Tree factsheet images at pages 3, 4, 5 Prunus serotina Ehrh. taxonomy author, year Ehrhart 1783 synonym - Family Rosaceae Eng. Name Black Cherry, Wild Cherry
More informationJUNIPER TREE NURSERY. Growing The Future Forest Today. A Promise We ve Been Keeping Since 1957.
JUNIPER TREE NURSERY Growing The Future Forest Today. A Promise We ve Been Keeping Since 1957. JUNIPER TREE NURSERY J.D. Irving, Limited has had an active tree growing program since 1957 as part of our
More informationDiagnosing Disorders of Trees
148 Appendix A Diagnosing Disorders of Trees Diagnosing tree problems can be difficult. Symptoms and signs can be subtle or only visible using special techniques, important information can be missing,
More informationSoybean Growth and Development
Soybean Growth and Development Palle Pedersen Soybean Extension Agronomist Department of Agronomy Iowa State University University Extension 515-294-9905 www.soybeanmanagement.info Extension Publication
More informationYield Response of Corn to Plant Population in Indiana
Purdue University Department of Agronomy Applied Crop Production Research Update Updated May 2016 URL: http://www.kingcorn.org/news/timeless/seedingrateguidelines.pdf Yield Response of Corn to Plant Population
More informationDry Bean Types and Development Stages
Dry Bean Types and Development Stages Two basic plant growth habits are found in dry edible bean: determinate (bush) or indeterminate (vining or trailing). Cultivars may be classified according to plant
More informationGrowing Balaton - Horticultural Considerations
Growing Balaton - Horticultural Considerations Amy Iezzoni Dept. of Horticulture Michigan State University Jim Nugent District Horticulturist MSU Extension The fruit industry in Michigan has generations
More informationHow Much Does Acid Rain Hinder the Growth Height of Brassica rapa Plants Without Other Environmental Stressors?
How Much Does Acid Rain Hinder the Growth Height of Brassica rapa Plants Without Other Environmental Stressors? Author(s) Redacted Abstract: Brassica rapa plants are one of many plants in the environment
More informationBiology 213 Angiosperms. Introduction
Biology 213 Angiosperms Introduction The flowering plants, the angiosperms, are the most recent plants to evolve and quickly became the dominant plant life on this planet. They are also the most diverse
More informationAre My. Pine Trees. Ready To Thin?
Are My Pine Trees Ready To Thin? ARE MY PINE TREES READY TO THIN? One question private forest landowners ask most frequently is, Are my pine trees ready to thin? There is no definite answer to this question,
More informationRIPPLE Africa Step by Step Fruit Tree planting Guide
RIPPLE Africa Step by Step Fruit Tree planting Guide NOTES ON FRUIT PRODUCTION Aim and Objective The aim and objective of RIPPLE Africa as an organisation is to make Nkhata Bay District one of the leading
More informationDeficit Rainfall Insurance Payouts in Most Vulnerable Agro Climatic Zones of Tamil Nadu, India
Deficit Rainfall Insurance Payouts in Most Vulnerable Agro Climatic Zones of Tamil Nadu, India S.Senthilnathan, K.Palanisami, C.R.Ranganathan and Chieko Umetsu 2 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore,
More informationPreserving Wild Ginseng in Minnesota
Note: This digital document was adapted from Smith, W. R. 1993. Preserving Wild Ginseng in Minnesota. Minnesota Natural Heritage Program, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 7 pages. Preserving
More informationPLANT EVOLUTION DISPLAY Handout
PLANT EVOLUTION DISPLAY Handout Name: TA and Section time Welcome to UCSC Greenhouses. This sheet explains a few botanical facts about plant reproduction that will help you through the display and handout.
More informationCOTTON WATER RELATIONS
COTTON WATER RELATIONS Dan R. Krieg 1 INTRODUCTION Water is the most abundant substance on the Earth s surface and yet is the most limiting to maximum productivity of nearly all crop plants. Land plants,
More information2 nd Grade Science Unit B: Life Sciences Chapter 3: Plants and Animals in Their Environment Lesson 1: How are plants and animals like their parents?
2 nd Grade Science Unit B: Life Sciences Chapter 3: Plants and Animals in Their Environment Lesson 1: How are plants and animals like their parents? offspring Offspring are young plants and animals. Offspring
More informationEffect of radiomimetic agents on two varieties of Trigonella with emphasis on plant height and pod numbers
Biological Forum An International Journal, 1(1): 98-104 (2009) Effect of radiomimetic on two varieties of Trigonella with emphasis on plant height and pod numbers Dheeraj Vasu and Zia Ul Hasan Department
More informationAWESOME ADAPTATIONS WORKSHEETS. for. Rainforest Desert Mediterranean
AWESOME ADAPTATIONS WORKSHEETS for Rainforest Desert Mediterranean IN THE RAINFOREST Write a sentence to record your experience in the Tropical House IT FEELS. IT SMELLS. THE TEMPERATURE is IT MAKES ME
More informationTHE ECOSYSTEM - Biomes
Biomes The Ecosystem - Biomes Side 2 THE ECOSYSTEM - Biomes By the end of this topic you should be able to:- SYLLABUS STATEMENT ASSESSMENT STATEMENT CHECK NOTES 2.4 BIOMES 2.4.1 Define the term biome.
More informationCHAPTER- VIII TERMITE DAMAGES TO VARIOUS PLANT AND AGRICULTURAL CROPS
CHAPTER- VIII TERMITE DAMAGES TO VARIOUS PLANT AND AGRICULTURAL CROPS 8.1. Introduction In addition to structural wood, the termite also infested woody plants, such as trees, shrubs, and herbs reported
More informationMighty Oaks From Little Acorns
Science Process: Observe and Measure / Life Science / Math: Measurement (Length), data Analysis (graphing) / reading: Sequencing / Listening / Writing / Visual Arts expression Background Buds are on the
More informationOrganic Gardening Certificate Program Quiz Week 3 Answer Key
Q uiz for week 3 readings: 1. The database on the Organic Weed management Website contains the following sections except: A. Picture B. Ecology C. Management D. Description 2. The weed quackgrass can reproduce
More informationWildfire Damage Assessment for the 2011 Southeast Complex Fires
Wildfire Damage Assessment for the 2011 Southeast Complex Fires Chip Bates & Mark McClure, Forest Health Management Background: On March 24, 2011, multiple wildfires began across southeast Georgia. Strong,
More informationMoringa Oleifera a Multipurpose Tree:
Moringa Oleifera a Multipurpose Tree: 1.0 Introduction: Amandla Resources 1.1 Moringa Oleifera belongs to the onogeneric family of shrubs and trees and originated south of the Himalayas in Northern India.
More informationIGCSE and GCSE Biology. Answers to questions. Section 2. Flowering Plants. Chapters 6-9. Chapter 6 Plant structure and function
1 IGCSE and GCSE Biology. Answers to questions Section 2. Flowering Plants. Chapters 6-9 Chapter 6 Plant structure and function Page 54 1. a Epidermis. Helps maintain shape, reduces evaporation, resists
More informationRoots and Stems and Leaves, Oh My!
Roots and Stems and Leaves, Oh My! Objectives 1. The student will be able to identify parts of a plant. 2. The student will understand the function of plant parts. Grade Level 1-3 4-6 TEKS: 1.6B, 2.6C;
More information4.0 Discuss some effects of disturbances on the forest.
4.0 Discuss some effects of disturbances on the forest. 4.1 Describe common disturbances that occur in the Boreal forest. Disturbances are normal to the life of the forest. Forests are very resilient (able
More information8. Study the cladogram underline the derived characteristics and circle the organisms that developed from them.
Seed Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Answer the questions as you go through the power point, there are also paragraphs to read where you will need to hi-lite or underline as you read. 1. What are the
More informationFarm to Fork. Dr. Clifford Hall
Farm to Fork Dr. Clifford Hall Clifford.Hall@NDSU.edu Dr. Hall is an Associate Professor of Food Sciences at North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, and a Member of the Bean Institute Editorial
More informationGrade 5 Standard 5 Unit Test Heredity. 1. In what way will a kitten always be like its parents? The kitten will...
Grade 5 Standard 5 Unit Test Heredity Multiple Choice 1. In what way will a kitten always be like its parents? The kitten will... A. be the same color. B. learn the same things. C. have the same body structures.
More informationruning & Orchard Renewal
P runing & Orchard Renewal Richard G. St-Pierre, Ph.D. (January 2006) The Basics Of Pruning & Orchard Renewal Pruning is defined as the art and science of cutting away a portion of a plant to improve its
More informationA SOIL TESTING SERVICE FOR FARMERS IN THAILAND, USING MOBILE LABORATORIES
A SOIL TESTING SERVICE FOR FARMERS IN THAILAND, USING MOBILE LABORATORIES Narong Chinabut Office of Science for Land Development Land Development Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok
More informationAquifer Thermal Energy Storage Application in Greenhouse Climatization
Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage Application in Greenhouse Climatization Bekir TURGUT, Halime PAKSOY, Şaziye BOZDAĞ, Hunay EVLİYA, Kazım ABAK, H. Yildiz DASGAN Çukurova University 01130 Balcalı Adana-Turkey
More informationwww.vireya.net Successful Propagation Techniques Brian Clancy
Successful Propagation Techniques Brian Clancy From 'The Rhododendron' Journal of the Australian Rhododendron Society Volume 31, Spring 1991 The techniques of striking rhododendrons from cuttings is basically
More informationGROWTH DYNAMICS AND YIELD OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN AT DIVERSE NITROGEN LEVELS E. SUGÁR and Z. BERZSENYI
GROWTH DYNAMICS AND YIELD OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN AT DIVERSE NITROGEN LEVELS E. SUGÁR and Z. BERZSENYI AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, MARTONVÁSÁR The growth
More informationGermination is the process in which a
The Germination Of a Bean Photographs and article By Lily C. Gerhardt LCG1603@rit.edu Germination is the process in which a seed, spore, or fungi sprouts, or begins growth. Seed germination can occur after
More informationPlant Reproduction. 2. Evolutionarily, floral parts are modified A. stems B. leaves C. roots D. stolons E. suberins
Plant Reproduction 1. Angiosperms use temporary reproductive structures that are not present in any other group of plants. These structures are called A. cones B. carpels C. receptacles D. flowers E. seeds
More informationby Erik Lehnhoff, Walt Woolbaugh, and Lisa Rew
Designing the Perfect Plant Activities to Investigate Plant Ecology Plant ecology is an important subject that often receives little attention in middle school, as more time during science classes is devoted
More informationA trait is a variation of a particular character (e.g. color, height). Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes.
1 Biology Chapter 10 Study Guide Trait A trait is a variation of a particular character (e.g. color, height). Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Genes Genes are located on chromosomes
More informationExploring Seed Germination by Brad Williamson
Exploring Seed Germination by Brad Williamson Background: Seeds are very remarkable. Laying dormant inside the seed is an embryo plant. Packed with the embryo is enough stored chemical energy to power
More informationSoybean Physiology: How Well Do You Know Soybeans?
Soybean Physiology: How Well Do You Know Soybeans? Shaun Casteel, Purdue University Soybean Extension Specialist www.soybeanstation.org 2010-11, Purdue University - 1 Vegetative Growth Stages Reproductive
More informationEfficient forest biomass supply chain for biorefineries A project for cross border cooperation
Forest Refine Efficient forest biomass supply chain for biorefineries A project for cross border cooperation HighBio 2 Seminar Luleå 16 Jan Magnus Matisons BioFuel Region Project Manager Forest Refine
More informationSection 24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers (pages 609 616)
Chapter 24 Reproduction of Seed Plants Section 24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers (pages 609 616) Key Concepts What are the reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms? How does pollination
More informationLight in the Greenhouse: How Much is Enough?
Light in the Greenhouse: How Much is Enough? by: James W. Brown http://www.cropking.com/articlelghe Most of us know that green plants need light for photosynthesis, growth, and development. As important
More informationUnited States Standards for Grades of Christmas Trees
United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service Fruit and Vegetable Programs United States Standards for Grades of Christmas Trees Fresh Products Branch Effective October 30, 1989
More informationTree and forest restoration following wildfire
Peter F. Kolb (PhD) MSU Extension Forestry Specialist Adj. Assistant Professor Forest Ecology School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59808 Tel. (406) 243-4705, e-mail: efpfk@forestry.umt.edu
More informationCORN IS GROWN ON MORE ACRES OF IOWA LAND THAN ANY OTHER CROP.
CORN IS GROWN ON MORE ACRES OF IOWA LAND THAN ANY OTHER CROP. Planted acreage reached a high in 1981 with 14.4 million acres planted for all purposes and has hovered near 12.5 million acres since the early
More informationDINTERIA No. 28:39-43 Windhoek, Namibia May 2003. Research note: Fire damage to Schinziophyton rautanenii (Schinz) trees in North-eastern Namibia
DINTERIA No. 28:39-43 Windhoek, Namibia May 2003 Research note: Fire damage to Schinziophyton rautanenii (Schinz) trees in North-eastern Namibia F. P. Graz Department of Land Management, Polytechnic of
More informationWhat's in a Flower. Ages: 8 to 12. Contributor: Susan Jaquette, Cornell Plantations volunteer
Ages: 8 to 12 What's in a Flower Contributor: Susan Jauette, Cornell Plantations volunteer Main idea: Flowers are composed of several distinct parts, each of which plays an important role in nature. Objective:
More informationFlowers; Seeds enclosed in fruit
Name Class Date Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Section Review 22-1 Reviewing Key Concepts Short Answer On the lines provided, answer the following questions. 1. Describe the main characteristics of plants.
More informationPlant Responses to Environmental Cues Tropisms, Photoperiodism, and Plant Hormones
Plant Responses to Environmental Cues Tropisms, Photoperiodism, and Plant Hormones Plant Responses to Environmental Cues Phototropism - plant growth response to light shoots bend toward light - positive
More informationCITRUS PRUNING. control, fruit production and size control
CITRUS PRUNING Pruning techniques for tree health pest Pruning techniques for tree health, pest control, fruit production and size control Tree Shapes Citrus trees are generally pruned to a central leader
More informationResearch Roadmap for the Future. National Grape and Wine Initiative March 2013
Research Roadmap for the Future National Grape and Wine Initiative March 2013 Objective of Today s Meeting Our mission drives the roadmap Our Mission Drive research to maximize productivity, sustainability
More informationHeredity. Sarah crosses a homozygous white flower and a homozygous purple flower. The cross results in all purple flowers.
Heredity 1. Sarah is doing an experiment on pea plants. She is studying the color of the pea plants. Sarah has noticed that many pea plants have purple flowers and many have white flowers. Sarah crosses
More informationAlaska Forest Pest Control Supplemental Information. Category Twelve
Alaska Forest Pest Control Supplemental Information Category Twelve In general, applicators who apply pesticides to property other than their own, or act as a pesticide consultant must obtain certification
More informationChapter D9. Irrigation scheduling
Chapter D9. Irrigation scheduling PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER To explain how to plan and schedule your irrigation program CHAPTER CONTENTS factors affecting irrigation intervals influence of soil water using
More informationSeeds introduction and selection
Women in Agriculture Training manual for female extension educators Seeds introduction and selection Introduction Part of the fun of growing your own vegetables is choosing from the thousands of varieties
More information"Fingerprinting" Vegetables DNA-based Marker Assisted Selection
"Fingerprinting" Vegetables DNA-based Marker Assisted Selection Faster, Cheaper, More Reliable; These are some of the goals that vegetable breeders at seed companies and public institutions desire for
More informationGrowth and development of. Trees
Growth and development of Objectives: Trees 1. To study the morphological and physiological processes that occur for a temperate deciduous tree during the annual cycle, and the whole life cycle. 2. To
More information(1) Hybrid Cucumber Seed Production. Samuel Contreras Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
(1) Hybrid Cucumber Seed Production Samuel Contreras Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile (2) Introduction Cucurbitaceae family The Cucurbitaceae
More informationPlant Structure, Growth, and Development. Chapter 35
Plant Structure, Growth, and Development Chapter 35 PLANTS developmental plasticity = ability of plant to alter form to respond to environment Biological heirarchy Cell basic unit of life Tissue group
More informationFORESTED VEGETATION. forests by restoring forests at lower. Prevent invasive plants from establishing after disturbances
FORESTED VEGETATION Type of strategy Protect General cold adaptation upland and approach subalpine forests by restoring forests at lower Specific adaptation action Thin dry forests to densities low enough
More informationPlants, like all living organisms have basic needs: a source of nutrition (food), water,
WHAT PLANTS NEED IN ORDER TO SURVIVE AND GROW: LIGHT Grades 3 6 I. Introduction Plants, like all living organisms have basic needs: a source of nutrition (food), water, space in which to live, air, and
More informationApricot Tree Prunus armeniaca
Apricot Tree Prunus armeniaca Up to 25-30 tall x 15-20 wide or partial shade 10 degrees F. General: The Apricot Tree is a subspecies of the peach and dates back 3,000 years to northeastern China. Apricots
More informationThe Population Explosion
WFP03797 The Population Explosion An invitation: The activities for explorations in population density and nutrition in this document are based on some ideas and protocols that we have been developing
More informationUnit: Plants & Animals (Grade 2)
Unit: Plants & Animals (Grade 2) Content Area: Science Course(s): Science Time Period: 8 weeks Length: Weeks Status: Published Unit Overview Students will determine the life cycles of plants and animals
More informationActivities and Ideas: Plants, Trees, and Seeds
Mathematics Measurement: Take students outside to the playground with a list of plant and/or tree items they will find there (tree trunks, branches, leaves, seeds, flowers, etc.) and a measurement tool
More informationCOMBINING ABILITY IN LOCAL AND CIMMYT INBRED LINES OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) FOR GRAIN YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS USING LINE TESTER ANALYSIS
RESEARCH ARTICLE SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 46 (2) 256-264, 2014 COMBINING ABILITY IN LOCAL AND CIMMYT INBRED LINES OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) FOR GRAIN YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS USING LINE TESTER
More informationPlant Growth - Light and Shade
Science Unit: Lesson 5: Plants Plant Growth - Light and Shade School year: 2004/2005 Developed for: Developed by: Grade level: Duration of lesson: Notes: Queen Alexandra Elementary School, Vancouver School
More informationIntroduction to Plant Propagation. Glenn T. Sako Assistant County Extension Agent CTAHR, UHM
Introduction to Plant Propagation Glenn T. Sako Assistant County Extension Agent CTAHR, UHM Purposes for Plant Propagation Multiply the number of a species Perpetuate a species Maintain the youthfulness
More informationDirect sowing versus planting
Direct sowing versus planting Experience with tropical afforestation and land rehabilitation, pros. and cons. Danish and Swedish field trials. Results until now. Why are trees usually planted and not sown?
More informationbuilding on success Trees and Basements Partial Review of the Core Strategy February 2014
building on success Trees and Basements Partial Review of the Core Strategy February 2014 Regulation 19, Town and Country Planning (Local Planning) (England) Regulations 2012. 2 Contents 1. Introduction...
More informationForest carbon sequestration and climate change. Dr Brian Tobin University College Dublin
Forest carbon sequestration and climate change Dr Brian Tobin University College Dublin Overview Sequestration what is it & why important? Role of forests in climate change CARBiFOR research project Forest
More informationo d Propagation and Moon Planting Fact Sheet
o d Propagation and Moon Planting Fact Sheet Propagation Propagation is actually quite simple and requires very little effort on your part. Most seeds are ready to go, complete with all the nutrients and
More informationPlant Physiology Critical Stages in the Life of a Corn Plant
Plant Physiology Critical Stages in the Life of a Corn Plant Heather Darby and Joe Lauer Nature greatly influences corn growth and yield. However, the corn producer can manipulate the environment with
More informationHail Damaged Corn and Soybean
Hail Damaged Corn and Soybean By Jeff Coulter and Seth Naeve Recent storms left several areas affected by hail damage, including south-central and southeast Minnesota along interstate 90, and central Minnesota
More informationJAPANESE KNOTWEED. What is Japanese Knotweed?
JAPANESE KNOTWEED What is Japanese Knotweed? Japanese Knotweed (botanical name Fallopia japonica) was introduced into Britain from Japan in the early 1800 s. It was originally grown as an ornamental plant,
More informationArbor Day Tree Trivia
Arbor Day Tree Trivia What day is Arbor Day? The last Friday of April. (April 30, 2010) Who is the father of Arbor Day? J. Sterling Morton When was the first Arbor Day? 1872 Name Idaho's state tree. Western
More informationFlower Model: Teacher Instructions Sepals Anther Stamens (male) Filament Stigma Pistil Style (female) Ovary Petals sepals petals stamens pistil
Flower Model: Teacher Instructions In order to better understand the reproductive cycle of a flower, take a look at some flowers and note the male and female parts. Most flowers are different; some have
More informationPruning Trees. Center for Landscape and Urban Horticulture. University of California Cooperative Extension Central Coast & South Region
University of California Cooperative Extension Central Coast & South Region Center for Landscape and Urban Horticulture Pruning Trees Pruning Trees at Planting Landscape trees should not be pruned at planting
More informationApplied Agricultural Resources Sdn. Bhd. ( An associated company of Boustead Holdings and Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad )
Applied Agricultural Resources Sdn. Bhd. ( An associated company of Boustead Holdings and Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad ) AAR OIL PALM BREEDING PROGRAMME AAR s oil palm breeding programme has its origin dating
More informationFlorida Native Plant Society
Florida Native Plant Society Native Plant Owners Manual Asclepias humistrata Sandhill Milkweed Mark Hutchinson For Your Information All date and seasonal references are applicable to the eastern panhandle
More informationCURLY BIRCH (Betula pendula var. carelica) AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN FINLAND
CURLY BIRCH (Betula pendula var. carelica) AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN FINLAND Risto Hagqvist Finnish Forest Research Institute Haapastensyrjä Tree Breeding Station Karkkilantie 247, FIN-12600 Läyliäinen e-mail:
More informationHow Trees Grow in the Urban Environment 1
CIR1093 1 Mary L. Duryea and Marlene M. Malavasi2 Background What happens to a birdhouse if you hang it on a tree and come back in two years? Will it be at the same height or out of your reach because
More informationPlants, like all other living organisms have basic needs: a source of nutrition (food),
LEARNING FROM LEAVES: A LOOK AT LEAF SIZE Grades 3 6 I. Introduction Plants, like all other living organisms have basic needs: a source of nutrition (food), water, space in which to live, air, and optimal
More informationSample Lab Report. Effect of the Hormone Gibberellic Acid on the Growth of Dwarf Peas
Dana Hitchcock Dr. Cummings - Prd. 1 September 9, 1996 Sample Lab Report Effect of the Hormone Gibberellic Acid on the Growth of Dwarf Peas Objective In this experiment students will grow genetically dwarf
More informationHumidtropics Kiboga/Kyankwanzi Soybean production training
Humidtropics Kiboga/Kyankwanzi Soybean production training Makerere University and Humidtropics collaboration Soybean Seed production Training of Kiboga-Kyankwanzi platform members in Soybean Seed Production
More informationHere Come the Sunflowers!
Here Come the Sunflowers! Overview Students will have an opportunity to learn about sunflowers and plant sunflower seeds, a native plant of the North American prairie. Suggested Grade Level PreK - 1 Estimated
More information