In This Lecture. History. History. X-ray Spectrum. PAM1014 Introduction to Radiation Physics. X-ray Production
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1 PAM1014 Introduction to Radiation Physics X-Ray Production In This Lecture X-rays Brief History Production X-ray Tube Spectrum History History X-rays and radioactivity were discovered by accident Wilhelm Roentgen (1895) X-ray Production Overview Electrons accelerated towards target Deceleration of electrons in striking a target electron electron X-ray X-ray Spectrum X-rays are characterised by there energy Quoted in kev A spectrum is a graph plotting intensity vs energy Energy released as high frequency electromagnetic radiation X-ray Intensity Energy (kev) 1
2 X-ray Production Two x-ray x production process occur 1. Brehmsstrahlung radiation 2. X-ray Production Bremsstrahlung Radiation Does an electron lose all its energy in just one single collision? OR Is an electron involved in impacts with many atoms, producing a large amount of low energy photons? Bremsstrahlung Breaking radiation Bremsstrahlung is characterized by: Continuous distribution of radiation Referred to as the continuous x-ray x spectrum More intense and shifting towards higher frequencies when the energy of the bombarding electrons is increased. An electron can lose any amount of its kinetic energy in an interaction with the target atom associated with the loss can take on a corresponding range of values. An electron with kinetic energy of 70 kev can lose: All None Any intermediate level of its kinetic energy in a Bremsstrahlung interaction Bremsstrahlung emission can have an energy in the range of 0 to 70 kev. 70 kev corresponds to the cut off wavelength E(eV)= hc/λ λ min = hc/ev max Different from the production of characteristic x-rays that have discrete energies. 2
3 Bremsstrahlung spectrum Energy distribution for a 90 kvp acceleration potential Production of X-raysX Characteristic X-ray X Lines The bombardment of targets of heavy atoms by fast moving electrons causing energy levels in the target to change. The energy released from K shell transition by electrons returning to the ground state! Produced by transitions of orbital electrons from outer to inner shells. Electron binding energy for every element is different Unique characteristic X-rays. X Bombarding electrons can release electrons from inner energy level orbits. Higher electrons then fall into the vacancy. If the energy gap between the levels is sufficient X-X ray will be produced. Characteristic because it has precisely fixed, or discrete, energies. Effective energy characteristic X-rays X increases with increasing atomic number of the target element. X-Ray Tube How do we accelerate these electrons? Electric Field Energy in kev Energy in Joules = e x Voltage 3
4 X-ray Tube (insert) Evacuated Glass tube X-ray tube Source of Electrons 50, ,000 volts Filament Cathode ( ve) Anode (+ve) Electrons are produced by thermionic emission in the cathode. Heated by a relatively low current supply. X-ray tube For example: At a cathode current of 100 ma 6 x electrons travel from the cathode to the anode of the X-ray X tube every second. They are accelerated from the cathode to anode across a high voltage. Less than 1% of the electron energy is converted into photons. 99% is? The electrons interact with the outer- shell electrons of the target atoms but do not transfer sufficient energy to these outer-shell electrons to ionize them. Outer-shell electrons are simply raised to an excited, or higher, energy level. The outer-shell electrons drop back to their normal energy state emitting infrared radiation. Constant excitation and re-stabilization of outer-shell electrons is responsible for the heat generated in the anodes of X-ray X tubes. 4
5 Target Material Effect of Tube Current High Z (proton number) so that transitions of high enough energy to emit X-ray X radiation are possible High melting point because so much heat energy is produced. Tungsten is ideal for standard diagnostic tubes Molybdenum is ideal for mamography tubes What is the tube current? No difference in shape Different area under curve More electrons = more photons Effect of tube Voltage Summary Increase tube voltage Increase kinetic energy of electrons X-rays Brief History Production X-ray Tube Spectrum Increase maximum x-ray photon energy 5
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