Why Study the French Revolution and Napoleon? Why Study the French Revolution and Napoleon? Why Study the French Revolution and Napoleon?

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1 Introduction Chapter 7 The French Revolution and Napoleon Why Study the French Revolution and Napoleon? The Enlightenment ideals expressed in the slogan of the French Revolution, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, continue to shape aspirations of people today. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen still inspires people to work for human rights. Why Study the French Revolution and Napoleon? The Reign of Terror in 1793 and 1794 has become a warning to democratic societies of the dangers of resorting to violence to enforce values. The storming of the Bastille is a symbol of popular resistance to oppression. Why Study the French Revolution and Napoleon? The French Revolution spread the ideas of democracy and nationalism around the globe. Guerrilla warfare, which has become common around the world, received its name from the resistance efforts by the Spanish against French invaders. Why Study the French Revolution and Napoleon? The set of laws known as the Napoleonic Code shaped the legal systems of most of Europe and Latin America. Napoleon s decision to sell the Louisiana Territory resulted in a major expansion of the United States. 13. What legacy did leave France? Positive: Now a power Ranked above all other European nations in art and literature Considered leader in Europe Negative: Construction of the Palace of plunged France into debt Resentment over tax burden (peasants) 1

2 Section 1 The French Revolution Begins Main Idea and inequalities in the Old Regime helped cause the French Revolution Why It Matters Now Throughout history, economic and social inequalities have at times led peoples to revolt against their governments. 1. Which country in Europe was considered to be the most advanced country of Europe? Positive attributes? Negative? France center of the Positive = large population, prosperous foreign trade; widely praised and imitated around the world Negative = great unrest caused by bad, high, high 2. What was the system of feudalism left over from the Ages in France? Old People divided into three social orders or estates Social classes in France under the Old Regime 4. What were the three estates? Describe each. Estate of the Roman Catholic ; owned 10% of land, provided education and relief services; paid approximately 2% of income to government 4. What were the three estates? Describe each. Estate 2% of population; much of their wealth was in land; owned 20% of land, paid almost no taxes 4. What were the three estates? Describe each. Estate 98% of population; 3 groups 1) merchants and artisans well-educated, believed in liberty and equality, paid high taxes, lacked privileges; 2) cooks, servants, etc.; paid low wages, often out of work; 3) largest group; paid about ½ of income in dues to nobles, tithes to church, taxes to king 2

3 5. What were the three factors that contributed to the revolutionary mood in France? ideas new views about power and government; began using words equality, liberty, democracy; inspired by success of Amer. Rev. woes economy failing, heavy tax burden, cost of living increased, government deep in debt A Leader Louis XVI indecisive; paid little attention to advisors 6. What was the Estates-? Who dominated this group? An assembly of representatives from all three, or social classes, in France Called to meet beginning May 5, 1789, 175 years after the last meeting Vote by order, one vote per order Clergy ( Estate) and Nobles ( Estate) Dominate the 7. What changes did the Estate want to make in government? Wanted all three estates to together Give each / a vote; increase representation of the third estate 8. What was the Assembly? What was the formation of this group seen as? A French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact and in the name of the French people. First deliberate act of 3

4 9. What was the Oath? Pledge made by members of France s National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue until they had drawn up a new 9. What was the Tennis Court Oath? Called Tennis Court Oath because the delegates had been of their meeting room, so they broke into an indoor tennis court and continued meeting there. 10. How did Louis XVI try to make with the Third Estate? Yielded to the National Assembly; ordered nobles and to the assembly 11. What occurred on July 14,? Why is this event significant? about foreign moving toward to massacre French citizens Citizens wanted to obtain gunpowder from, a prison; they overpowered the guards and took of the prison 11. What occurred on July 14, 1789? Why is this event significant? Great symbolic act of to French people; became a national 12. What was the Great? Wave of senseless that spread throughout France in reaction to the rumor that had hired mercenaries to terrorize the peasants and destroy 4

5 12. What was the Great Fear? Peasants themselves, broke into nobles homes, destroyed papers that bound them to pay feudal dues, and symbols of the (family crests, weathervanes, church pews) 5

6 9/6/2014 Chapter 7 - The French Revolution & Napoleon Section 2 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Introduction Main Idea The revolutionary government of France made reforms but also used and to retain power. Why It Matters Now Some governments that the support of a majority of their people still use to control their citizens. 1. What occurred on August 4, 1789? Why was this meeting significant? National meeting all orders gave up privileges, making everyone The sacrifice of privilege made by the deputies marked the of the in France 2. What was the Declaration of of? Which group did this declaration not apply to? Statement of revolutionary ideals Influenced by of Independence Guaranteed citizens equal justice, freedom of, and freedom of Olympe de Gouges published declaration of the rights of women ideas rejected 3. How did the relationship change between the church and state in France? lost land and political independence Church officials and priests to be elected and paid as state officials alarmed devout Catholics Divided peasants and bourgeoisie peasants often opposed further revolutionary 4. What type of did the new constitution create? Stripped the king of much of his authority Created a new body Legislative Assembly which had the power to create, to approve or reject declarations of King still held the executive power to enforce laws 1

7 9/6/ Describe the three groups within the Legislative Assembly sat on side of hall, opposed idea of a monarchy, wanted sweeping changes in the way government was run sat in the of the hall, wanted some changes in government, but not as many as the radicals sat on side of hall, upheld idea of limited monarchy, few changes in government 6. Who were the? and others who France during peasant uprisings Extreme (conservatives) Wanted to the revolution and restore the Old Regime 7. Who were the -? Group of Parisian wageearners and small who wanted to bring even greater changes to France Greater voice in government, lower food prices, end food shortages Extreme (radicals) 8. Why did France go to war with Austria and Prussia? and feared revolution in their own country, wanted Louis XVI put back on the Assembly declared war April, 1792 Prussian commander threatened to destroy Paris if royal family harmed 9. What was the result of this war? Louis, and children imprisoned Legislative Assembly set aside constitution of 1791, dissolved the assembly, called for election of new legislature - National Convention 2

8 9/6/ What was the Club? political group Had many enemies within France peasants, priests who would not accept government control, and rival leaders stirring up rebellions in provinces National convention, guided by the Jacobins, tried Louis for 11. What changes were made in government when the National Convention met on Sept. 21, 1792? abolished France declared a Adult male citizens granted right to and hold office 12. What was the fate of Louis XVI? Role reduced from to common citizen Tried for treason and found by the guillotine on January 21, What is a? A for people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution 14. What was the first problem faced by the new republic? The continuing with Austria and France suffered many defeats 1793 French citizens drafted; by 1794, army had grown to 800, Who was Maximilien? What changes did he make in France? leader who slowly gained power; set out to build a republic of virtue Tried to all traces of monarchy and nobility Changed to be more scientific 12 months of 30 days, renamed each month, no Sundays because religion = old-fashioned and dangerous 3

9 9/6/ What was the of? Led by Robespierre governed nearly as a Chief task was to the Revolution from its enemies Enemies tried and executed 17. What was the period of Robespierre s rule known as? Reign of Sept 1893 During the next 10 months, 30,000 50,000 by guillotine 18. Who was the most famous victim of the reign of terror? Marie Antoinette 19. What type of government did the constitution of 1795 establish? Placed power in hands of class Called for two house legislature and executive body of 5 men = the Directory 5 Directors = moderates; corrupt, but gave troubled country a period of order; also, found right general to command armies = Napoleon 4

10 10/4/2014 Chapter 7 French Revolution and Napoleon Section 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire Main Idea Bonaparte, a military, seized power in France and made himself Why It Matters Now In times of political turmoil, military dictators often seize control of nations. 1. How did Napoleon seize control of France? Began as in French military very successful Became one of three after the legislature voted to dissolve the Directory dictatorial powers as first consul of French Republic Coup d etat blow of state 2. What is a? Vote of the Held in 1800 to approve a new People, voted in favor of new constitution giving Napoleon all real power as first consul 3. How did Napoleon try to improve the economy? Set up efficient collection system Established a national Actions promoted sound financial management and better control of the economy 4. How did Napoleon attempt to reduce government corruption and improve the delivery of services? Dismissed officials Set up lycées government run public in order to provide his government with trained officials Candidates appointed based on merit rather than connections 1

11 10/4/ What new relationship between the church and state was established by Napoleon? Concordat signed between Napoleon and Pius VII Rejected control in national affairs French appointed bishops; bishops would appoint parish priests 6. What was the Napoleonic? Comprehensive set of Gave country set of laws and eliminated many injustices, liberty, and promoted order and authority over individual rights Freedom of press and speech Restored slavery in French colonies 8. What occurred in the French colony of Saint Domingue ? seized control of the colony under the leadership of Toussaint L Ouverture Inspired by revolution in Napoleon sent to regain control - 9. What region did the United States buy from France? For how much? Louisiana Louisiana Purchase $ million 7. How did Napoleon become emperor of France? Decided to make himself in 1804 French voters him 10. What countries formed the Third Coalition?, Russia,, and against Napoleon and the French 2

12 10/4/ Why was the Battle of Trafalgar important? The only major Napoleon against the third coalition the French fleet Admiral 12. What were the 2 results of the destruction of the French fleet? Assured supremacy of the for the next 100 years Forced Napoleon to give up plans of Britain 13. In 1820, what were the only major European countries free from Napoleon? Ottoman Empire Section 4 Napoleon s Empire Collapses Main Idea Napoleon s conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his downfall. Why It Matters Now In the 1990s, nationalistic feelings contributed to the breakup of nations such as Yugoslavia. 1. What were the 3 major mistakes made by Napoleon that led to his downfall? Ordered a to prevent all trade and communication between and other European nations continental system weakened the economy of France and other land under Napoleon s control Peninsular 1808 sent army through to invade Portugal; lost approximately 300,000 men Invasion of Troops = no loyalty to Napoleon 2. Who defeated Napoleon? What were the terms of Napoleon s surrender? Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden Had to give up throne, given small pension and to Elba 3

13 10/4/ What happened on March 1, 1815? Section 5 The Congress of Vienna Napoleon from Landed in France within days, became of France (again) Main Idea After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at the Congress of Vienna tried to restore order and reestablish peace. Why It Matters Now International bodies such as the United Nations play an active role in trying to maintain world peace and stability today. 1. What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna? Establish new order collective security and for the whole continent The Hundred Days campaign When European enemies heard of return, they war. On June 18, Napoleon attacked Britain at in Belgium. Napoleon s young inexperienced troops were routed by and troops. Two days later Napoleon s troops surrendered. Napoleon was sent into permanent exile into St. Helena where he remained until his death in Napoleon s legacy Napoleon was a administrator and a military died in war. spread throughout Europe and in the new world. France had reestablished order following the revolution. 4

14 10/4/ Who was Klemens von Metternich? What were the 3 goals he set for the Congress of Vienna? Foreign minister of Prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries Restore the of power Restore Europe s royal families to the thrones they held before Napoleon s conquests 3. How were the weaker countries around France made stronger? Kingdom of the formed from Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands (united) 39 states loosely joined as German Confederation recognized as independent Genoa added to Kingdom of Sardinia (Italy) 4. What was the legacy of the Congress of Vienna? Influenced for next 100 years Power of Britain and Prussia Nationalism began to grow in Italy, Germany, Greece eventually leading to Spanish colonies took advantage of events in Europe to declare independence 5