Major Intermodal Ports in the North Sea Region

Transcription

1 A project within the Interreg IIIB North Sea Programme Major Intermodal Ports in the North Sea Region Annex to the Final Report November 2005 Napier University Transport Research Institute

2 PREFACE This paper has been written by Professor Alf Baird at Napier University s Transport Research Institute (TRi) as part of the SUTRANET project (Work Package 2: Motorways of the North Sea). SUTRANET ( Sustainable Transport Research & Development Network in the North Sea Region ) is a project within the framework of the European Commission s (EC s) Interreg IIIB North Sea Programme. The aim of the paper is: - to describe the current situation with regard to major seaports in the North Sea Region (container and RoRo capacities and annual throughput figures for year 2003); - to present the planned or forecasted new port capacity figures for year 2010; and - to draw some conclusions on this basis.. The paper was presented end-2005 but it is still highly relevant. SUTRANET, June 2007 Jorgen Kristiansen, Aalborg University, Denmark i

3 Contents Page 1 Introduction 2 2 Major Container Ports in the North Sea Region Container quay length at major NSR ports Container cranes at major NSR ports Container throughput at major NSR ports 5 3 Major RoRo Ports in the North Sea Region RoRo berths at major NSR ports RoRo throughput at major NSR ports 8 4 New Port Capacity in the North Sea Region by New container port capacity New RoRo port capacity 11 6 Conclusions 12 Annex 1 Unitised cargo throughput (2003) and new capacity plans for seaports in the North Sea Region (2010) 13 1

4 1. Introduction The specific objective related to Task 1 of Work Package 2 in the SUTRANET project is as follows: To establish the current position with regard to major seaports and maritime routes in the North Sea region and identify barriers to further growth (i.e. base case) The sample of ports selected for analysis in Task 1 each have an annual throughput of above 100,000 TEU or 50,000 RoRo trailers. Geographically the ports considered are only those ports bordering the North Sea Region (NSR). Loosely this includes ports as far south as Belgium, north of the River Thames, and as far north as east of Scotland and Norway, and to southern Denmark (entrance to Baltic Sea) and west coast of Sweden. Multiple sources have been used to collect the data presented here. Sources for the data include: Containerisation International Yearbook, 2004 and 2005 Cargo Systems analysis of the top-100 container ports, 2004 and 2005 ShipPax Statistics for ferry ports and ferry services National port statistics (e.g. UK Maritime Statistics published by DfT) Individual port handbooks etc. Various papers presented on port capacity at TOC Antwerp, June 2005 Various articles in the general international shipping press, such as Lloyds List, Containerisation International, Port Strategy etc. 2

5 2. Major Container Ports in the North Sea Region 2.1 Container quay length at major NSR ports Available data for container quay length at major NSR ports indicates a total length of 46.6 km. The data shows that three ports between them control twothirds of overall capacity Antwerp, Rotterdam and Hamburg (Table 1 and Figure 1). The largest container quay capacity exists at the port of Antwerp, which has an estimated 12.4 km equal to 26% of overall NSR capacity. Rotterdam has 10.2 km of container quayside (20%) and Hamburg 9.1 km (20%). If we add in Bremerhaven, the fourth largest port with 9% of capacity, it is evident that these top-4 ports between them have 75% of the container quay length at major ports in the NSR. Table 1: Container quay length (m) at major ports in the NSR (i.e. ports handling over 100,000 TEU/yr) Antwerp 12,415 Rotterdam 10,230 Hamburg 9,163 Bremerhaven 4,040 Felixstowe 2,523 Zeebrugge 2,180 Gothenburg 1,140 Others (18 ports) 4,908 Total 46,599 Figure 1: Container quay length at major NSR ports (>100,000 teu/year) 2003 Gothenburg 2% Zeebrugge 5% Felixstowe 5% Bremerhaven 9% Others 11% Antwerp 26% Hamburg 20% Rotterdam 22% 3

6 A further three ports together have about 20% capacity, these being Felixstowe (5%), Zeebrugge (5%), and Gothenburg (2%). In total, this means that the top-7 ports have almost 90% of container terminal quay length amongst the top-25 NSR ports. A further 18 ports in the NSR each also currently handling above 100,000 TEU a year together offer 4.9 km (11%) of container quay length. This equates to an average quay length of just 273m at each of these smaller ports, equivalent to less than one deep-sea ship berth each. 2.2 Container cranes at major NSR ports There are 286 ship-to-shore container cranes at the major 25 NSR unitised ports (2003 levels, see Table 2 and Figure 2). Rotterdam has the most cranes with 76 (26%), Hamburg has 56 (20%), and Antwerp 45 (16%), with 32 at Bremerhaven (11%). These four ports have a combined total of 209 STS cranes, equal to almost three-quarters (73%) of all STS cranes at major NSR ports. Table 2: Container cranes at major NSR ports Rotterdam 76 Hamburg 56 Antwerp 45 Bremerhaven 32 Felixstowe 24 Zeebrugge 14 Gothenburg 8 Others 31 Total 286 Figure 2: Container cranes at major NSR ports (>100,000 teu/year), 2003 Gothenburg 3% Zeebrugge 5% Felixstowe 8% Others 11% Rotterdam 26% Bremerhaven 11% Antwerp 16% Hamburg 20% 4

7 The top-7 container ports in the NSR between them have almost 90% of STS cranes. The remaining 18 ports have 31 cranes between them (11%), which is one less than Bremerhaven. This gives these smaller ports an average of just 1.7 cranes per port. 2.3 Container throughput at major NSR ports Container throughput at the leading major ports tends to correspond quite closely with the number of STS cranes available (Table 3 and Figure 3). With 7.1m TEU handled in 2003, Rotterdam has exactly the same share of throughput as it has for STS cranes (i.e. 26%). Hamburg s 6.1m TEU equated to a 22% share of throughput, while Antwerp s 5.4m TEU gave it a share of 20%. Table 3: Container throughput at major NSR ports (2003) TEU Rotterdam 7,143,918 Hamburg 6,138,000 Antwerp 5,445,436 Bremerhaven 3,189,853 Felixstowe 2,500,000 Zeebrugge 1,012,674 Gothenburg 665,870 Others 1,789,030 Total 27,884,781 Figure 3: Container throughput at major NSR ports (>100,000 teu/year), 2003 Gothenburg 2% Zeebrugge 4% Felixstowe 9% Others 6% Rotterdam 26% Bremerhaven 11% Antwerp 20% Hamburg 22% 5

8 The top 5 ports combined accounted for some 24.4m TEU, equal to almost 90% of all throughput at the 25 ports handling each above 100,000 TEU/year. The 18 ports outside the top 7 that make up the rest of the 25 together only accounted for 1.8m TEU, equivalent to 6% of throughput, resulting in an average throughput figure for these ports of about 100,000 TEU each (0.36%). 6

9 3. Major RoRo Ports in the North Sea Region 3.1 RoRo berths at major NSR ports Table 4: RoRo berths at major NSR ports, 2003 Zeebrugge 16 Humber ports 16 Gothenburg 13 Rotterdam 11 Haven ports 10 Esbjerg 9 Copen/Malmo 8 Oslo 5 Other 22 Total 110 The port of Zeebrugge and collectively the Humber ports (Hull, Immingham and Killingholme) have the most ferry berths/terminals of all major NSR ports, with 16 berths (15% each) (Table 4 and Figure 4). These two ports (port areas) are followed closely by Gothenburg with 13 berths (12%), Rotterdam which has 11 berths (I0%), and the Haven ports of Felixstowe, Harwich and Ipswich which collectively have 10 RoRo berths (9%). The top five ports/port areas between them account for 66 RoRo berths, or 60% of all RoRo berths at major NSR ports. Figure 4: RoRo berths at major NSR ports (>100,000 teu), 2003 Other, 20% Zeebrugge, 15% Oslo, 5% Humber ports, 15% Copen/Malmo, 7% Esjberg, 8% Haven ports, 9% Rotterdam, 10% Gothenburg, 12% Interestingly the major north German container port hubs of Hamburg and Bremerhaven do not figure in the RoRo sector to any significant extent. Overall, 7

10 just 8 port areas therefore collectively account for almost 90 RoRo berths (80%), with the remaining ports in the top-25 accounting for 22 berths (20%). 3.2 RoRo throughput at major NSR ports We have estimated RoRo port throughput in TEU terms. Here it is assumed that 1 standard trailer = 2 TEU. On this basis, Zeebrugge is the largest RoRo port handling 2.1m TEU in 2003, this being equivalent to 26% of NSR major port RoRo throughput (Table 5 and Figure 5). Rotterdam is second biggest port with 1.7m TEU (21%), followed by Haven ports with 1.1m TEU (13%), Humber ports with 635,000 TEU (8%) and Gothenburg s 574,000 TEU (7%). Table 5: RoRo throughput at major NSR ports, 2003 (>100,000TEU) Zeebrugge 2,127,486 Rotterdam 1,668,164 Haven ports 1,059,960 Humber ports 635,010 Gothenburg 574,000 Ostend 456,546 Frederikshaven 406,800 Copen/Malmo 260,000 Esbjerg 200,000 Oslo 157,820 Other 545,587 Total 8,091,373 Figure 5: RoRo throughput at major NSR ports (>100,000 TEU), 2003 Esjberg 2% Copen/Malmo Oslo 2% Other 7% 3% Frederikshaven 5% Ostend 6% Gothenburg 7% Humber ports 8% Haven ports 13% Zeebrugge 26% Rotterdam 21% 8

11 Zeebrugge and Rotterdam combined handled 3.8m TEU of RoRo traffic in 2003, equal to almost half (47%) of RoRo traffic in the major NSR port market (across all major 25 ports plus Frederikshavn). The top 10 NSR RoRo ports/port areas together handled 7.6m TEU in 2003 (91%). However the RoRo market appears heavily concentrated between four major ports/port areas in particular that are barely miles distant from each other Rotterdam, Zeebrugge/Ostend, Haven and Humber with this relatively small area accounting for three quarters of all NSR top-25 ports RoRo traffic. 9

12 4. New Port Capacity in the North Sea Region 4.1 New container port capacity A further 30m TEU of additional container port capacity is planned to come onstream in the NSR by 2010 (Table 6). Container port capacity in the NSR is therefore expected to more than double, from 27.9m TEU in 2003 to almost 58m TEU in Table 6: New container terminal capacity planned at major NSR ports by 2010 Hamburg 7,300,000 Antwerp 7,250,000 Bremer/Wilhelm 4,900,000 Rotterdam 3,500,000 Haven Ports 3,200,000 Zeebrugge 1,000,000 Amsterdam 1,000,000 Vlissingen 500,000 Gothenburg 500,000 Others 830,000 Total 29,980,000 Some 41% of this increase (12.2m TEU) will be seen in the German ports of Hamburg (25%) and Bremerhaven/Wilhelmshaven (16%), whilst Antwerp s share of the increase is a significant 24% (Figure 6). Combined, these three ports/port areas account for two thirds of the planned increase in container terminal capacity in the NSR. Figure 6: New container terminal capacity planned for major NSR ports by 2010 (teu) Vlissingen Amsterdam 2% 3% Zeebrugge 3% Haven Ports 11% Rotterdam 12% Gothenburg 2% Others 2% Hamburg 25% Bremer/Wilhelm 16% Antwerp 24% 10

13 Including Rotterdam and Haven ports (i.e. Felixstowe and Harwich), this implies that basically only 5 ports/port areas account for almost 90% of planned container port capacity increases in the period. As these port areas are all in the already most congested core of northern Europe, it might be expected that further anticipated cargo concentration on just a few ports will result in worsening congestion. This will include congestion leading to/from ports on the landside, as well as on the sea access side, and within the ports themselves. 4.2 New RoRo port capacity Based on data available, a further 19 RoRo berths are planned at major NSR ports by Some 17 (almost 90%) of these berths are planned for ports in the core North Sea area between Haven-Humber-Rhine-Scheldt delta areas. Table 7: New RoRo berths planned at NSR ports by 2010 Humber ports 6 Zeebrugge 4 Haven ports 3 Rotterdam 2 Ostend 2 Other 2 Total 19 This implies that RoRo traffic will continue to expand at ports in the core NSR area where already major expansion of container traffic is forecast. Figure 7: New RoRo berths planned for major NSR ports by 2010 Ostend 11% Other 11% Humber ports 31% Rotterdam 11% Haven ports 16% Zeebrugge 20% 11

14 5. Conclusions This analysis reveals a very heavily concentrated unitised ports market in the North Sea Region, with forecast future port developments expected to result in even greater concentration in the long run. In terms of container port capacity, 75% of quay line and 73% of ship-to-shore cranes in the NSR are located at just four ports Rotterdam, Hamburg, Antwerp and Bremerhaven. The top 5 NSR containerports (i.e. the above plus Felixstowe) together control some 90% of NSR container volumes. Most other ports in the NSR top-25 are very small by comparison, while ports outwith the top-25 (i.e. handling below 100,000 TEU/year) have very limited significance in terms of overall container traffic and terminal capacity. RoRo capacity is very heavily concentrated in the southern North Sea basin area in particular. Two ports Zeebrugge and Rotterdam together control about 47% of RoRo traffic at the major NSR ports. The top-10 RoRo ports combined account for 91% of RoRo traffic at major NSR ports. The relatively small geographic area between Rotterdam, Zeebrugge/Ostend, Haven and Humber, accounts for 75% of RoRo traffic within major NSR ports. In terms of future maritime intermodal terminal capacity, container handling capacity is expected to double by 2010, to 58m TEU. Some two-thirds of this additional capacity (+30m TEU) is intended for the ports of Antwerp, Hamburg, and Bremerhaven/Wilhelmshaven. By adding in plans for a further two ports Rotterdam and Felixstowe these 6 ports will together account for 90% of all forecast additional container terminal capacity in the NSR by Forecast RoRo capacity additions are concentrated at Haven, Humber, Rotterdam and Zeebrugge with these four port areas accounting for 90% of forecast new capacity at all major NSR ports. Thus, in terms of existing and forecast maritime intermodal/unitised port capacity, covering both container and RoRo, broadly speaking just three geographic areas account for 90% of NSR traffic, these being: Haven/Humber Rhine/Scheldt Elbe/Weser Forecasts suggest that major ports within these three rather narrow areas will continue to expand and dominate intermodal maritime traffic flows in northern Europe even more in future. This therefore raises questions on how other areas in the NSR can ensure that their transport connectivity and competitiveness is improved. It also raises questions regarding the sustainability of current and future transport provision and in particular the very high degree of concentration within relatively few sensitive estuarial areas in northern Europe. 12

15 ANNEX 1 Unitised cargo throughput (2003) and new capacity plans for seaports in the North Sea Region (2010) 13

16 SUTRANET WORK PACKAGE 2 TASK 1.1 Unitised cargo throughput and new capacity plans for seaports in the North Sea Region (>100,000 teu/year) 2003 Container RoRo New Capacity by 2010 Quay Port Length STS Cranes TEU RoRo Berths TEU Containers RoRo Berths BELGIUM Antwerp (Churchill) 2, Antwerp (Europa) 1,180 8 Antwerp (MSC Home) 2, Antwerp (Schelde) 1, Antwerp (P&O) 1,850 1 Antwerp (P&O) 1,665 1 Antwerp (other) 2,200 5 Antwerp total 12, ,445, ,250,000 - Zeebrugge (Flanders CT) 1,180 6 Zeebrugge (OCHZ) 1,000 8 Zeebrugge Total 2, ,012, ,127,486 1,000,000 4 Ostend 3 456,546 Ostend Total ,546-2 BELGIUM Total 14, ,458, ,584,032 8,250,000 6 DENMARK Aarhus (APMT) ,000 Copenhagen Malmo , ,000 Frederikshaven 4 406,800 Esbjerg (est) ,000 DENMARK Total 1, , ,

17 GERMANY Bremerhaven (Eurogate) 1, ,535, ,200,000 Bremerhaven (NS Terminal) 1, ,654,566 Bremerhaven (BLG Cargo) 1, Bremerhaven Total 4, ,189, ,200,000 - Hamburg (HHLA) 2, ,900,000 2,600,000 Hamburg (CTA) 1, ,350,000 1,700,000 Hamburg (Eurogate) 2, ,129,000 1,700,000 Hamburg (Tollerort) ,000 1,300,000 Hamburg (Other) 1, ,000 4 Hamburg Total 9, ,138, ,300,000 Wilhelmshaven 2,700,000 GERMANY Total 13, ,327, ,200,000 - NETHERLANDS Rotterdam (APMT) 1, ,000, ,000 Rotterdam (ECT) 3, ,000,000 1,200,000 Rotterdam (ECT Home) 1, ,000 Rotterdam (ECT Hanno) ,000 Rotterdam Shortsea Terminal 1, ,250,000 Rotterdam Euromax 2,000,000 Uniport Multipurpose Terminals ,000 HT Holland Waalhaven P&O NSF 4 397,252 Stena Line 3 502,352 Other Sum 4 316,784 2 Rotterdam Total 10, ,143, ,216,388 3,500,

18 Vlissingen , , ,000 Schreveningen 2 451,776 Amsterdam Ceres 1,000,000 NETHERLANDS Total 10, ,253, ,868,164 5,000,000 2 NORWAY Kristiansand (est) , ,000 20,000 Oslo , , ,000 NORWAY Total , , ,000 SWEDEN Gothenburg 1, , , ,000 1 SWEDEN Total 1, , , ,000 1 UK Felixstowe 2, ,500, ,776 1,500,000 2 Ipswich , ,184 1 Grangemouth , ,000 Rosyth 1 100,000 1 Harwich , ,000 1,700,000 Hull , , ,000 2 Immingham , , ,000 4 Killingholme 3 149,426 Teesport , ,587 UK Total 4, ,394, ,980,557 3,850, Total North Sea Region 46, ,884, ,091,373 29,980, Note: 1 RoRo trailer = 2 TEU Sources: UK Maritime Statistics 2003; ShipPax Statistics 03; TOC Conference, Antwerp 2005; Survey of UK Short Sea Freight and Lolo Capacity 2003, PRB Associates; Containerisation International Yearbook, 2004 &

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