lipids 1. Like all lipids, a triglyceride is insoluble in water because it lacks functional groups.
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1 lipids 1. Like all lipids, a triglyceride is insoluble in water because it lacks many functional groups. 2. Triglycerides are made from two subunits: a single molecule of plus three molecules of 3. Lipids, which includes triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids, are used by the body for,, and (in addition to many other things). ydrophobic ydrophilic Fatty acids Glycerol Amino acid Glycogen Long-term energy storage Quick and ready source of energy Storing genetic information Making the cell membrane sending messages between different parts of the body through the blood
2 Figure 3.12 Synthesis and breakdown of fat opyright The McGraw-ill ompanies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. + 3 O O O O O O O O R R R R R R O + dehydration synthesis reaction 3 Fatty acids Fat hydrolysis reaction 3 Waters 2 O O O O Glycerol O O O
3 Saturated or unsaturated?.
4 straight or bent?.
5 . stacks well or not stack well?.
6 solid or liquid?.
7 Saturated vs. unsaturated straight vs. bent. stacks well vs. not stack well solid vs. liquid.
8 Match structure on left with item on right saturated Unsaturated (poly or mono?)
9 Saturated vs unsaturated
10 Match structure on left with item on right
11 Match structure on left with item on right
12 Extra redit 1. Explain one negative health effect associated with eating foods that contains trans fat. Restriction: get answer from the arvard School of Public ealth website listed on the reading list). 2. Identify three foods you ve eaten in the past week that have trans fat added to them. If you are already health-conscious and avoid trans fat, list three foods you avoid because of their trans fat. Do not include natural foods that contain small amounts of natural trans fat, such as beef and dairy. and again, from arvard School of Public ealth website listed on the Unit 1 reading list: 3. Describe one positive health effect of eating omega-3-fatty acids. 4. Identify three whole foods (not pills or spreads) that contain omega-3-fatty acids that you would realistically eat.
13 polar head opyright The McGraw-ill ompanies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. R O P O O phosphate group glycerol Figure 3.14 Phospholipids from membranes O O O O fatty acids non polar tails inside of cell outside of cell a. Phospholipid structure b. Plasma membrane of a cell
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16 lipids 1. Like all lipids, a triglyceride is insoluble in water because it lacks many functional groups. 2. Triglycerides are made from two subunits: a single molecule of plus three molecules of 3. Lipids, which includes triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids, are used by the body for,, and (in addition to many other things). ydrophobic ydrophilic Fatty acids Glycerol Amino acid Glycogen Long-term energy storage Quick and ready source of energy Storing genetic information Making the cell membrane sending messages between different parts of the body through the blood
17 Review last time: Gameshow
18 1. All lipids a) are made from glycerol and fatty acids. b) contain nitrogen. c) have low energy content. d) are acidic when mixed with water. e) do not dissolve well in water. f) are hydrophilic.
19 2. Assuming the fluidity of fish oils is comparable when observed in their natural habitat conditions, then oils from arctic fish will have than tropical fish oils. a) more unsaturated fatty acids. b) more cholesterol. c) fewer unsaturated fatty acids. d) more trans-unsaturated fatty acids. e) more hydrogenated fatty acids.
20 3. A trans fatty acid is one a. that has no carbon-carbon double bonds directly adjacent to each other. b.that is a major component of phospholipids in cell membranes. c. in which the hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on opposite sides of the molecule. d. in which the hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on the same side of the molecule. e. that is saturated with hydrogens.
21 4. Types of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are necessary in the human diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body are called fatty acids. a. essential b. important c. trans d. omega-3 e. hydrophobic
22 5. Generations of Americans were introduced to trans fats in their diet in the form of which was hailed as a healthy alternative to the saturated fats found in butter and lard. a. oconut oil b. Olive oil c. Margarine d. anola oil e. Beef tallow
23 6. DL stands for a. ighly dense lipid. b. ydrogenated dark lipid. c. igh density lipid. d. ydrogenated dense lipoprotein. e. igh density lipoprotein.
24 7. A triglyceride is composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. What type of reaction is used to link each of the fatty acids to a glycerol molecule? a. Dehydration b. ydrolysis c. Dehydrohalogenation d. ydrogenation e. ydroxylation
25 8. Which one of the following would be solid at room temperature? a. is fatty acids b. orn oil c. Peanut oil d. Saturated fats such as lard (pig fat) e. Unsaturated fats
26 9. Which one(s) of the following diagrams represents a trans fatty acid? 10. Which one(s) is a saturated fatty acid? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) None of the above
27 11. Food companies can tag their products on the nutrition label as having 0g of trans fats if they have <0.5g of trans fat per serving. What could be found in the ingredients list that is probably a better indicator of the presence of trans fats in foods than the trans fat line on the nutrition label? a. Lard b. ydrogenated oils c. Palm oil d. Olive oil e. Almonds
28 12. onsumption of which of the following is most likely to raise your DL and also lower your LDL levels? a. Trans fats b. Saturated fats c. Lard d. Polyunsaturated fats e. Margarine
29 1. All lipids a) are made from glycerol and fatty acids. b) contain nitrogen. c) have low energy content. d) are acidic when mixed with water. e) do not dissolve well in water. f) are hydrophilic.
30 2. Assuming the fluidity of fish oils is comparable when observed in their natural habitat conditions, then oils from arctic fish will have than tropical fish oils. a) more unsaturated fatty acids. b) more cholesterol. c) fewer unsaturated fatty acids. d) more trans-unsaturated fatty acids. e) more hydrogenated fatty acids.
31 3. A trans fatty acid is one a. that has no carbon-carbon double bonds directly adjacent to each other. b.that is a major component of phospholipids in cell membranes. c. in which the hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on opposite sides of the molecule. d. in which the hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on the same side of the molecule. e. that is saturated with hydrogens.
32 4. Types of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are necessary in the human diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body are called fatty acids. a. essential b. important c. trans d. omega-3 e. hydrophobic
33 5. Generations of Americans were introduced to trans fats in their diet in the form of which was hailed as a healthy alternative to the saturated fats found in butter and lard. a. oconut oil b. Olive oil c. Margarine d. anola oil e. Beef tallow
34 6. DL stands for a. ighly dense lipid. b. ydrogenated dark lipid. c. igh density lipid. d. ydrogenated dense lipoprotein. e. igh density lipoprotein.
35 7. A triglyceride is composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. What type of reaction is used to link each of the fatty acids to a glycerol molecule? a. Dehydration b. ydrolysis c. Dehydrohalogenation d. ydrogenation e. ydroxylation
36 8. Which one of the following would be solid at room temperature? a. is fatty acids b. orn oil c. Peanut oil d. Saturated fats such as lard (pig fat) e. Unsaturated fats
37 9. Which one(s) of the following diagrams represents a trans fatty acid? 10. Which one(s) is a saturated fatty acid? (a) (b) 10. (c) 9. (d) (e) None of the above
38 11. Food companies can tag their products on the nutrition label as having 0g of trans fats if they have <0.5g of trans fat per serving. What could be found in the ingredients list that is probably a better indicator of the presence of trans fats in foods than the trans fat line on the nutrition label? a. Lard b. ydrogenated oils c. Palm oil d. Olive oil e. Almonds
39 12. onsumption of which of the following is most likely to raise your DL and also lower your LDL levels? a. Trans fats b. Saturated fats c. Lard d. Polyunsaturated fats e. Margarine
40 holesterol and its many uses ell membranes Used to make other things : Bile: fat absorption Vitamin D (a hormone) orticosteroids (hormones): Mineralocorticoids: control electrolyte and water levels Glucocorticoids: Immune system; Inflammation; carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism Sex steroids (hormones)
41 holesterol and its many uses: ell membranes Makes membranes more flexible. Is there cholesterol in animal cell membranes? int: animals have no cell wall Is there cholesterol in plant cell membranes? int: plants do have cell wall
42 holesterol and its many uses ell membranes Used to make other things : Bile: fat absorption Vitamin D (a hormone) orticosteroids (hormones): Mineralocorticoids: control electrolyte and water levels Glucocorticoids: Immune system; Inflammation; carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism Sex steroids (hormones)
43 holesterol and its many uses: holesterol used to make Bile: fat absorption cholesterol (-) Bile acid: (-) charged Made in liver stored in gall bladder Dumped into small intestine
44 holesterol and its many uses: holesterol used to make Bile: fat absorption (-)
45 holesterol and its many uses ell membranes Used to make other things : Bile: fat absorption Vitamin D: (a hormone) orticosteroids (hormones): Mineralocorticoids: control electrolyte and water levels Glucocorticoids: Immune system; Inflammation; carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism Sex steroids (hormones)
46 holesterol and its many uses: cholesterol used to make Vitamin D Vitamin D is a hormone that signals intestine cells to make the protein ion channels and pumps that allow absorption of calcium (and phosphate) from diet. Vitamin D deficiency results in rickets - osteomalacia Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries suffering from severe malnutrition, usually resulting from famine or starvation. Darker-skinned people need to be exposed longer to the ultraviolet rays.
47 ASAP science holesterol to Vitamin D What If You Stopped Going Outside?
48 holesterol and its many uses ell membranes Used to make other things : Bile: fat absorption Vitamin D orticosteroids (hormones): Mineralocorticoids: control electrolyte and water levels Glucocorticoids: Immune system; Inflammation; carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism Sex steroids (hormones)
49 holesterol and its many uses: cholesterol used to make orticosteroids orticosteroids (hormones): Mineralocorticoids: control electrolyte and water levels (blood osmolarity) Glucocorticoids: Immune system; Inflammation; carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism Made in the adrenal cortex - part of the adrenal gland (above kidney)
50 holesterol and its many uses ell membranes Used to make other things : Bile: fat absorption Vitamin D orticosteroids (hormones): Mineralocorticoids: control electrolyte and water levels Glucocorticoids: Immune system; Inflammation; carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism Sex steroids (hormones)
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