Change of the Roman Empire. By: Kathryn Kenney, Laura Kerr, Aaron Kleinman, Halle Kuszmar, Cal Leveroni, Simone Likterov

Transcription

1 Change of the Roman Empire By: Kathryn Kenney, Laura Kerr, Aaron Kleinman, Halle Kuszmar, Cal Leveroni, Simone Likterov

2 Introduction Main Ideas: Roman Empire changed the Roman government, society, and culture Key Points: Problems after the Punic Wars The First and Second Triumvirate Pax Romana Roman economy, society, and religion Food and entertainment

3 Problem After the Punic Wars Widening gap between rich and poor Rich lived on large estates called latifundia Slaves that were captured during war worked on these estates ⅓ if the population was slaves, ¼ of the population was urban poor Smaller farmers had difficulty competing with the larger estates Many soldiers became homeless and jobless Wealthy Romans lived luxurious lives The gap between social classes caused many issues in the empire. More than a third of the population was slaves. Owners of large estates used slaves rather than Roman citizens because they were cheaper.

4 Factors Leading to the Collapse of the Republic Tiberius and Gaius tried to make reforms to aid the poor by Limiting the size of estates Giving land to the poor Senators were threatened by the two brothers ideas Civil war: conflict between groups within the same country They were two tribunes that tried to introduce land reform. Tiberius was the older of the two and proposed that one citizen could not possess more than 500 iugera of land captured from war. If a citizen went over this amount their excess land would be redistributed to the poor.

5 Factors Leading to the Collapse of the Empire Army led to rise in political military leaders Generals recruited the landless as soldiers Soldiers would go to battle to prove their loyalty Politicians could could take over by the loyalty of his army Gaius Marius & Lucius Cornelius Sulla Two generals Their supporter fought each other in civil war Sulla became dictator Rivalries threatened the empire Marius was a Roman general and politician. He served on the consul seven times. Marius was the first Roman to win political support from the votes of his veterans.

6 Julius Caesar Takes Control 60 BC: joined with Crassus and Pompey Caesar appointed himself governor of Gaul Military success with Gaul 50 BC: Pompey wanted him to stop fighting Elected consul in 59 BC Ruled as a triumvirate for 10 years Pompey fled, Caesar s troops defeated Pompey s Became dictator in 46 BC Named dictator for life in 44 BC A sculpture of Julius Caesar. It shows his determination and power.

7 Caesar s Reforms Granted citizenship to many people in the provinces Expanded the senate Created jobs Started colonies Increased the pay for soldiers Caesar s reforms made him very popular with the Romans and had a lasting impression on history. He also inspired many pieces of art such as the sculpture above, which is on display at the Louvre, and a play by Shakespeare.

8 Caesar s Assassination Nobles feared Caesar Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius led the Liberatores Stabbed to death on March 15, 44 BC Calpurnia warned him Et tu Brute? Civil war between Liberatores and the Second Triumvirate A painting that depicts Julius Caesar s assassination in the senate. Caesar was stabbed 23 times by the Liberatores, led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius.

9 Formation of the Second Triumvirate Triumvirate: A group of three leaders Leaders: Octavian Mark Antony Lepidus Took control of rome in 43 B.C. The Roman Republic after the formation of the Second Triumvirate The three leaders of the Second Triumvirate

10 Causes and Results of the Second Triumvirate Formed as a result of the Liberators Civil War Triumvirate vs. Brutus and Cassius Ended in jealousy and violence. Octavian and Antony became rivals Antony fled to Egypt Octavian accused Antony of trying to rule from Egypt. This rivalry led to another civil war.

11 Antony s Civil War Last civil war of the Roman Republic Octavian vs Antony Octavian s naval forces were camped in Actium. Octavian laid siege to Alexandria Antony attempted suicide Resulted in the formation of the Roman Empire The Battle of Actium was a crucial battle towards Octavian s victory

12 What was the Pax Romana? Pax Romana: Roman Peace Augustus established the Roman Empire. Long period of peace and prosperity. Empire included 3 million square miles and million inhabitants. Caesar Augustus Empire during the Pax Romana

13 Roman Economy Based on agriculture and trade 90% of citizens involved in farming Additional resources acquired via trade Rome s trade routes were the primary way to obtain extra resources. The most important of these trade routes was the Silk Road. The Silk Road linked China with Rome. Silk was traded to the Romans in exchange for wool, gold, and silver.

14 How the Romans Managed Their Empire Augustus was Rome s most adequate leader Maintained the frontier Glorified Rome Created a system of government Set up civil service Paid workers to manage government issues When Augustus died his son Tiberius was elected by the senate His system of government proved to be stable Augustus lived a fairly simple life. His favorite meal was coarse bread, sardines, and cheese. This was mostly consumed by commoners. Augustus was influential leader in Rome but he was very religious aswell and converted to Christianity.

15 How the Romans Managed Their Empire The Roman borders measured around 10,000 miles Stretched from Spain to Mesopotamia, from North Africa to Britain The provinces were made up of different languages, cultures, and customs Roman army used men from provinces as support forces They were not citizens of Rome This map shows how vast the Roman Empire was. Members of the provinces joined the army to show their loyalty to Rome. Many were then granted citizenship of Rome for their service in the army.

16 Transition of Emperors An emperor's death created a need for a new emperor If a new emperor could not be chosen peacefully a battle could break out Could lead to a civil war if the different sides began to fight The Five good emperors fixed this issue By choosing their successor before they died it simplified the choosing of a new emperor to avoid any conflict

17 The Five Good Emperors A series of emperors that brought Rome to its peak The five good emperors reestablished a working relationship with the Senate Instituted social reforms and laws to protect the poor, underprivileged, and slaves Increased empire s size to most of the known world at the time Extended the Pax Romana for almost another century The five Good Emperors and some of their major achievements during their rule over Rome.

18 Marcus Cocceius Nerva Was chosen by the Senate to be emperor Promised never to execute a senator Created a law that gave 60 million sesterces worth of government owned land to needy people Established a fund for orphans and poor children Eliminated taxes he felt were unfair Nerva created a strong bond between the senate and the emperor in order to benefit everyone. He allowed the Senate to appear as if they were running the government.

19 Marcus Ulpius Trajanus First emperor born outside of Italy Increased state funds for poor children and other needy people Started a large building program to make aqueducts, harbors,canals, and roads Expanded the empire and spread Roman culture and the latin language throughout the region Trajan did not persecute Christians even though they swore allegiance to Jesus instead of the emperor. He did not consider their views to be dangerous to the empire

20 Hadrian Created a requirement that all senators receive training in government administration This made a large group of well trained public officials to carry out his policies Opened free schools for poor children Strengthened laws protecting slaves from abuse Gave back the eastern borders Trajan had set in place Spent most of his time away from Rome and in Hadrian was closer to his army than any other provinces emperor because he spent some Built a defensive wall bordering Scotland and other of his time listening to soldiers achievements and complaints. the Roman territory

21 Titus Aurelius Antoninus Pius Former provincial governor Senate bestowed the name Optimus Princeps Meaning The best of princes Empire reached its height under the rule of Antoninus Pius Donated his personal riches to the public treasury Provided harsh punishments for any slave owner who killed a slave. At the end of his ruling over Rome there was a surplus of 2.7 billion sesterces. He was one of the only emperors to openly tolerate the Christians and their religious views.

22 Marcus Aurelius Defended the empire s borders from the Parthians A fatal disease spread throughout the empire People blamed the Christians for the disease Mobs of angry citizens were all over the empire Personally led defensive forces against German invaders Killed millions of people Lasted for 15 years His death led to the end of the Pax Romana Marcus Aurelius was the last emperor of the five good emperors and because he did not choose a suitable successor the Pax Romana came to an end and Rome had become weakened.

23 Important Values to the Romans Romans focused on discipline, strength, and loyalty A person who had these qualities was said to have the virtue of gravitas The Roman man name Cincinnatus is one of the best examples of gravitas When he was given all of the power he returned to the senate after he had defeated the invaders Cincinnatus is the quintessential Roman and has been referred back to even in modern day situations because he shows the true characteristics of a great Roman.

24 Men and Women in the Roman Empire Men: masters of the home and family Paterfamilias: oldest man in the family; father of the family ; controlled entire family and property Women: This image shows a husband and wife. They are holding a book and a scroll, symbolizing that the man and woman were educated and near equals. women had become almost equal to men in society could own land & testify in court did not have the right to vote attended public bathes and events

25 Children in the Roman Empire boys were favored over girls girls were not given their own names only boys from noble families attended school girls from noble families were educated at home poor children worked; remained illiterate Roman schools were very small and only boys of noble families were allowed to attend them. They learned basic subjects such as history, math, and literature.

26 Slaves in the Roman Empire very popular and important to the economy slaves included men, women, and children slaves were property of their owners owners had complete control over their lives could be bought and sold strongest male slaves became gladiators people who fought to their deaths in public arenas Spartacus was a gladiator who led a slave rebellion. He created an army of slaves that included about 100,000 members. They won many confrontations but were eventually defeated and Spartacus was killed.

27 Religious beliefs of the Romans Worshipped powerful spirits, numina Believed they resided in everything around them Lares: guardian spirits of each family Humanlike forms, individual personalities, Roman names Honored through rituals Govt. and religion were linked Deities were symbols of the state Romans became interested in the religions of Asia More personal and emotional This is a picture of different types of gods and goddesses in Ancient Rome. They each controlled different things and held different items that were incorporated with their name; lyre, flower, helmet, veil, thunderbolts.

28 Jupiter (Zeus) Father of the gods God of light and sky Distributes laws, controls the world, and makes his will known through oracles Juno (Hera) Jupiter s wife and sister Watched over women Protector of legally married women Goddess of childbirth Minerva (Athena) Goddess of poetry, medicine, wisdom, commerce, weaving, crafts, and magic Daughter of Jupiter and Juno Believed to be the inventor of numbers and musical instruments

29 Free food and entertainment Wealth and social status had made huge differences in how people lived Classes had little in common Most people in Rome barely had the necessities of life Much of the city s population was unemployed, supported by government To distract and control the masses of Romans, the government provided free games, races, mock battles, and gladiator contests. This picture shows the different classes that were in Rome. There was the rich class, to the left. The soldiers, in the middle. And the lowest class, on the right.

30 Conclusion Growth brought change Rapid growth brought political, economic, and social changes Change was attempted but was unsuccessful Roman religion was impersonal No personal connection with the gods, practiced without emotion Christianity emphasized a personal connection with God, became very popular