Imperial Expansion and State Rivalries during the Military Revolution. The Thirty Years War
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1 Imperial Expansion and State Rivalries during the Military Revolution The Thirty Years War
2 A Simplified Overview One of the Greatest Conflicts of Early Modern European History Extension of the Dutch Revolt & French Wars of Religion Continued Religious struggles between Catholics, Lutherans, & Calvinists Internal Civil War between Holy Roman Empire & German Principalities Primary Antagonists were the ruling members of the Habsburg Dynasty International oppositions to Habsburgs formed by its neighbors Extension of the Franco-Habsburg Rivalry Consisted of a series of declared and undeclared wars ( )
3 Extension of the Dutch Revolt & French Wars of Religion The Dutch Revolt ( ) Rebellion by 17 Protestant Dutch Provinces against Roman Catholic Spain Religious Differences Unreasonably High Taxes by Spanish Crown Twelve Year Truce began in 1609 French Wars of Religion ( ) Conflict between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots Political disputes between French houses of Bourbon and Guise (Lorainne) St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre Edict of Nantes (Limited Protestant Rights)
4 Continued Religious struggles between Catholics, Lutherans, & Calvinists Catholic League Formed 1609 Holy Roman Emperors King of Spain King of Bohemia King of Hungary Archduke of Austria Catholic German Princes Protestant Union Formed 1608 Elector of Palatine King of Denmark & Norway King of Sweden King of France Prince of Orange (Dutch Rep) Protestant German Princes
5 Internal Civil War between Holy Roman Empire & German Principalities Holy Roman Emperor had give official recognition to the German Lutherans under the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 Catholics dominated many of the provincial governments Protestants continued to take over former Catholic lands German Princes allowed the spread of Calvinism Protestant distrust for both the Habsburgs and Catholic Church increased
6 Primary Antagonists were the ruling members of The Habsburg Dynasty
7 Primary Antagonists were the ruling members of The Habsburg Dynasty
8 International oppositions to Habsburgs Formed by its neighbors Franco-Ottoman Alliance ( ) Protestant Union (1608) Catholic League (1609) Franco-Swedish Alliance ( ) League of Heilbronn ( ) The Thirty Years War Directly against Emperor Indirectly against Emperor Directly for Emperor Indirectly for Emperor
9 Extension of the Franco-Habsburg Rivalry Habsburgs originally sought expansion through marriage Motto Wars may be led by others you, happy Austria, marry. Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) married Mary of Valois (1477) Philip of Austria married Joanna of Castile and became King of Castile Charles I (son of Philip & Joanna) became King of Spain (1516) He also became Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519) Philip II, King of Spain, also gained control of Portugal through marriage Habsburgs managed to gain control of Europe s largest empire Kingdom of Spain and Portugal The Spanish (later Austrian) Netherlands Kingdoms of Bohemia, Hungary, and Austria Independent German Provinces or the Holy Roman Empire France regarded the encirclement by the Habsburgs as a threat
10 Consisted of a series of declared and undeclared wars ( ) The Bohemian Phase ( ) Austrian Archduke Ferdinand was appointed King of Bohemia by Holy Roman Emperor Bohemian s deposed the Habsburg King & elected Frederick V as the Palatine King Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Emperor) struck back with support from the Catholic League Catholic forces under the Count of Tilly met Protestants under Count von Mansfield Bohemians were defeated at Prague and the Spanish secured the lower Netherlands Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor Frederick V Elector of Palatinate
11 Consisted of a series of declared and undeclared wars ( ) The Ottoman Phase ( ) King of Poland sent an elite and ruthless unit of mercenaries to help the Habsburgs with their fight in Bohemia Gabriel Brethlen, Prince of Transylvania, asked Sultan Osman II of the Ottomans for assistance A large Ottoman army crushed the Polish at the Battle of Tutora in 1620 Osman II personally led his army against the Polish at the Battle of Khotyn in 1621 Peace Treaty forced the Polish to stay out of the conflict to the west Sigismund III King of Poland Gabriel Brethlen Prince of Transylvania (Bohemian) Osman II Ottoman Sultan
12 Consisted of a series of declared and undeclared wars ( ) The Palatinate Phase ( ) Frederick V rallied with other Protestant Rulers to reclaim the Palatinate from Spain The Dutch Republic joined the effort in hopes of gaining additional territories from the Spanish Protestant Forces under Count von Mansfield were unable to defeat the unified Imperial forces of Count Tilly & Gonzalo of Cordoba Ernst von Mansfield (Protestant General) Johann Tserclaes Count of Tilly (Imperial General) Imperial dominance of the Catholic Union gained momentum throughout the German Territories Gonzalo de Cordoba (Spanish General)
13 Consisted of a series of declared and undeclared wars ( ) The Danish Phase ( ) Concerns over increased success of the Habsburgs grew Christian IV King of Denmark France, England and the Dutch Republic formed an alliance with Denmark Albrecht von Wallerstein (Catholic General) Christian IV (King of Denmark) led troops against General Albrecht von Wallenstein s new army of Imperial (Catholic) Troops Continued Catholic victories influenced the Emperor to issue the Edict of Resitution Fearing Wallenstein s power, the Catholic League ordered him to disband his forces
14 Consisted of a series of declared & undeclared wars ( ) The Swedish Phase ( ) Concerns over continued success of the Habsburgs threatened the Baltic Region Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded Northern Germany supported by France Protestant concerns within the region caused them to join Gustavus army The Protestant forces annihilated the Catholic League at 1 st Battle of Breitenfield The Holy Roman Emperor recalled the army under Albrecht von Wallerstein Gustavus and Wallerstein s troops met at at the Battle of Lutzen (Gustavus was killed) Spanish troops joined the fight and inflicted crushing defeat on Swedes at Nordlingen Gustavus Adolphus King of Sweden Albrecht von Wallerstein (Catholic General) Don Ambrosia Spanish General
15 Consisted of a series of declared & undeclared wars ( ) The French Phase ( ) Gustavus Adolphus died in 1633 Albrect von Wallerstein was assassinated under orders from the Catholic League German Lutheran Princes signed the Peace of Prague with the Holy Roman Emperor Protestants were allowed to keep all lands in their possession since 1627 France continued to provide support to the Swedish forces under Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson France declared war on the Spain Imperial forces weakened as France took the Rhineland & Sweden took N. Germany Louis XIII King of France Cardinal Richelieu Minister of France
16 Effects of the War and the Peace of Westphalia Effects of the War German region was decimated by warfare Population fell from 21 million to 13 million German strategic position was greatly weakened German people suffered destitution, humiliation and despair Results of the Peace of Westphalia Weakened the power and influence of the Habsburg states of Spain & Austria German Principalities were made independent from the Holy Roman Empire France became dominant land military power in Western Europe Poland and Ottoman Empire became major military powers in Eastern Europe Brought an end to Religious Wars in Europe Introduced a new method of Peace Negotiations (still used today)
17
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