Immunology. BIT 120 Chapters 11
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1 Immunology BIT 120 Chapters 11
2 Immunity Ability of body to defend against infectious agents, foreign cells, abnormal cells Antigen: Antibody foreign substance/molecule which elicits an immune response from virus, bacteria, mold, cancer, pollen protein found in blood attacks to one particular kind of antigen and counters its effect specifically binds to antigens and marks them for destruction
3 Non-Specific Immunity: First Line of Defense 1. Skin Does NOT distinguish between one invader and another 2. LYSOZYME in sweat, saliva, tears enzyme which breaks bacterial cell wall 3. mucous membranes line digestive and respiratory tract 4. acid in stomach 5. hair, cilia in respiratory tract
4 Non-specific Immunity: Second Line of Defense FIGURE 11.1 BLOOD CELLS 1.Inflammatory reaction (Fig 11.5) injury injured cells release histamine Dilation of capillaries (increases blood flow) Increases permeability of caps Allows: Macrophages move to tissue to eat invader Effects: Redness, heat, swelling, pain Anti-inflammatory drugs- aspirin, ibuprofen
5 Non-specific Immunity: Second Line of Defense 2.Interferon released by virally infected cells interferes with viral production of neighboring cells 3. Phagocytes (engulf microorganisms) A. Macrophages B. Neutrophils releases chemicals 4. Natural killer cells cause infected cells to lyse PERFORIN cancer cells
6 Macrophages
7 Specific Immunity: Third Line of Defense Comes into play when non-specific can t do the job. Specific for particular virus or bacteria Explain about not getting same sickness twice. 10E6 antigens in lifetime KEY FEATURES Lymphocytes (type of white blood cells) B cells T cells
8 T L Y M P H O C Y T E
9 Lymphocytes originate in Bone Marrow B Lymphocytes circulate in blood and lymph secretes antibodies only responds to free antigen T lymphocytes circulate in blood an lymph attacks body s cells that have been infected with bacteria and virus only responds to antigen on body s cells (needs APC) defends against bacteria and virus also defends agst protozoans fungi, cancer
10 T cell Mediated Immunity Types of T Cells Helper Cytotoxic Memory Microbe is ingested by macrophage Foreign protein is displayed on surface Helper T cells recognize foreign protein with their receptor 1. make more helper T cells 2. stimulate growth of cytotoxic T cells (which lyse cells with perforin) 3. activate B cells to make antibodies Memory T cells
11 Antibody-Mediated Immunity Humoral Response 1. B cell coated with its antibody (Immunoglobulin) Antigen binds to Ab of one clone 2. CLONAL SELECTION B cells becomes activated and divides/differentiates into plasma cells which produce antibodies Memory cells Secondary immune response is stronger and longer THIS SELECTION CAN ALSO BE STIMULATED BY HELPER T CELLS INTERACTING WITH B CELLS (Fig 11.9) 3. Free Antibodies bind to antigen and cause phagocytosis and cell lysis
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13 Fig 42.6 FIG Antibody
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15 Macrophages and E. coli
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19 Allergies Hypersensitivities to substances that are not harmful to body pollen animal hair Caused by IgE on mast cells When antigen binds to antibody, histamine is released from mast cell Histamine causes cold-like symptoms nasal irritation tears blood vessels dilate
20 Anaphylactic Shock Extremely sensitive to allergen Mast cells release histamine Blood vessels dilate Precipitous drop in Blood Pressure (SHOCK) Possibly fatal Treatment Epinephrine Increases blood pressure
21 Autoimmune Diseases Body doesn t distinguish between self and non-self correctly lupus insulin-dependent diabetes rheumatoid arthritis multiple sclerosis
22 Immunodeficiency Diseases SCID severe combined immunodeficiency no B or T cells TREATMENT Gene therapy AIDS Stress Exams vs vacation research decreased interferon levels and decreased natural killer cells
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