What is Applied Behavior Analysis? Elisabeth (Lisa) Kinney, M.S. September 12, 2007

Transcription

1 What is Applied Behavior Analysis? Elisabeth (Lisa) Kinney, M.S. September 12, 2007

2 Autism Research Lovaas, O. I. (1987) "Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 3-9. Smith, T., Eikeseth, S., Klevstrand, M., & Lovaas, O.I. (1997). Intensive behavioral treatment for preschoolers with severe mental retardation and pervasive developmental disorder. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 102, Harris, S. L. & Weiss, M. J. (1998). Right from the Start, Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Autism, Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. Chapter 2 Birnbrauer, J.S. & Leach, D.J. (1993) "The Murdoch early intervention program after 2 years," Behaviour Change, 10,

3 Autism Research Lovaas outcomes: 20 children per group; randomly assigned to a group All start at 36 months; end at 60 months All diagnosed with autism by outside evaluator hrs. aba (10 hrs. from parents) 47%: IQ above 70 47% no autism dx by 1 st grade 10 hrs. aba 11%: IQ above 70? Special education 11%: IQ above 70?

4 60 mo. 54 mo. 48 mo. 42 mo. 36 mo. 30 mo. 24 mo. 18 mo. 12 mo. 6 mo. 0 mo. Chronological Age Developmental Age 0 mo. 6 mo. 12 mo. 18 mo. 24 mo. 30 mo. 36 mo. 42 mo. 48 mo. 54 mo. 60 mo.

5 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st Kind. Chronological Age Academic Grade 5 yrs. 6 yrs. 7 yrs. 8 yrs. 9 yrs. 10 yrs. 11 yrs. 12 yrs. 13 yrs. 14 yrs. 15 yrs. 16 yrs. 17 yrs. 18 yrs. 12th 11th

6 Behavior Analysis Lovaas instructional interventions came from the experimental analysis of behavior 1960s saw development of the field of applied behavior analysis: the science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied systematically to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for behavior change (Cooper, Heron, Heward, 2007)

7 Applied Behavior Analysis Speech Pathology Occupational Therapy Special Education Applied Behavior Analysis Sense of urgency outcome bets

8 Applied Behavior Analysis Behavior Analyst Certification Board\ a well-developed discipline among the helping professions, with a mature body of scientific knowledge, established standards for evidencebased practice, distinct methods of service, recognized experience and educational requirements for practice, and identified sources of requisite education in universities. Although the above regulatory definitions provide an overview of key elements within the practice of behavior analysis, there are additional features of applied behavior analysis that should be clarified in order to even briefly define the field.

9 What is Behavior Analysis? B. F. Skinner:

10 Skinner Stories Baby in a Box October 1945, Ladies' Home Journal ran an article by Skinner about his baby tender. The article featured a picture of Deborah in a portable (and therefore smaller) version of the box, her hands pressed against the glass, under the headline "Baby in a Box.... caged for two full years, placing within her cramped square space bells and food trays and all manners of mean punishments and bright rewards, and he tracked her progress on a grid. And then, when she was thirty-one and frankly psychotic, she sued him for abuse in a genuine court of law, lost the case, and shot herself in a bowling alley in Billings, Montana. Boom-boom went the gun. Lauren Slater's, Opening Skinner's Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century Deborah Skinner Buzan refutes the urban legend : But it's not true. My father did nothing of the sort Admittedly, the facts of my unusual upbringing sound dodgy: esteemed psychologist BF Skinner, who puts rats and pigeons in experimental boxes to study their behaviour, also puts his baby daughter in a box good fodder for any newspaper a prominent Harvard psychologist whose daughter was psychotic and had to be institutionalised; but it wasn't my father.

11 Skinner s Children Dr. Julie S. Vargas published Writing Worthwhile Behavioral Objectives in 1973 and Behavioral Psychology for Teachers in 1977 coauthored, Teaching Behavior to Infants: A Manual for Childcare Workers and Parents with Charles C. Thomas, 1990 wrote two 2005 entries on B. F. Skinner in Volumes I and III of The Encyclopedia of Behavior Modification and Cognitive Behavior Therapy Retired Education Psychology professor from UWV Deborah Skinner Buzan Successful artist living in London

12 Lovaas Stories Aversives s_1965.html The 1987 study relied heavily on the use of aversives. Aversives - a sharp "no" or a light slap on the thigh - were used as part of the treatment procedure in a few cases where children exhibited high rates of aggression and self-stimulatory behaviors. New methods, devised by Lovaas and other researchers, have replaced the use of aversives. Lobotomies Institutions Speech therapy for the deaf Haldol & thorazine

13 Early 1900s Psychology Edward L. Thorndike: behavior is affected by its consequences : Cat enclosed in a box struggled to escape Cat eventually moved the latch which opened the door When repeatedly enclosed in a box, cat gradually ceased to do those things which had proved ineffective ("errors") and eventually made the successful response very quickly Cat learned through trial and error Pavlov s drooling dogs

14 Measuring Behavior Skinner box Cumulative recorder Origins of data collection (evidencebased practice) What can you teach a rat or a pigeon? Mt. Auburn Cemetery Slot machines

15 Skinner Box & Reinforcement In operant conditioning, behavior is also affected by its consequences, but the process is not trial-and-error learning A hungry rat placed in a semi-soundproof box For several days bits of food occasionally delivered into a tray by an automatic dispenser Rat soon goes to the tray immediately upon hearing the sound of the dispenser A small horizontal section of a lever protruding from the wall has been resting in its lowest position, but it is now raised slightly so that when the rat touches it, it moves downward In doing so it closes an electric circuit and operates the food dispenser Immediately after eating the delivered food the rat begins to press the lever fairly rapidly The behavior has been strengthened or reinforced by a single consequence The rat was not "trying" to do anything when it first touched the lever and it did not learn from "errors."

16 Operant Conditioning Respondent Conditioning Behavior elicited by antecedent stimuli Newborn s grasping & suckling to touch; pupil construction to bright light Promotes continuation of species indirectly and directly Operant Conditioning Behavior selected by its consequences Talking, walking, playing the piano, baking a pie, hitting a curveball, laughing at a joke Individuals whose behavior is most sensitive to consequences are more likely to survive and reproduce Cooper, Heron, Heward, 2007

17 Operant Conditioning Clicker Training exercises

18 Beyond Operant Conditioning Skinner (1938). The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis. Skinner (1948). Walden Two. Skinner (1953). Science and Human Behavior. Skinner (1957). Verbal Behavior. Ferster & Skinner (1957). Schedules of Reinforcement. Skinner (1959, 1961, and 1972). Cumulative Record: Definitive Edition. Holland & Skinner (1961). The Analysis of Behavior: A Program for Self- Instruction. Skinner (1968). The Technology of Teaching. Skinner (1969). Contingencies of Reinforcement: A Theoretical Analysis. Skinner (1971). Beyond Freedom and Dignity. Skinner (1974). About Behaviorism. Skinner (1976). Particulars of My Life: Part One of an Autobiography. Skinner (1978). Reflections on Behaviorism and Society. Skinner (1979). The Shaping of a Behaviorist: Part Two of an Autobiography. Skinner (Edited and with an intro. by Epstein) (1980). Notebooks. Skinner (Edited and with an intro. by Epstein) (1982). Skinner for the Classroom. Skinner (1983). A Matter of Consequences: Part Three of an Autobiography. Skinner & Vaughan (1983). Enjoy Old Age: A Program of Self-Management. Skinner (1987). Upon Further Reflection. Skinner (1989). Recent Issues in the Analysis of Behavior.

19 Thank you! Elisabeth (Lisa) Kinney, M.S. Behavior Analyst Woodfords Preschool 6 Opportunity Lane Waterville, ME (207)