Methanol: The Basic Chemical and Energy Feedstock of the Future

Transcription

1 Chemie- Martin Bertau Heribert Offermanns Ludolf Plass Friedrich Schmidt Hans-Jiirgen Wernicke Editors Methanol: The Basic Chemical and Energy Feedstock of the Future Asinger's Vision Today Based on "Methanol - und Energierohstoff: Die Mobilisation der Kohle" by Friedrich Asinger published in Includes contributions by more than 40 experts from Industry and Academia. Springer

2 Contents 1 Introduction From Raw Materials to Methanol, Chemicals and Fuels Friedrich Asinger The History of Methanol in the Chemical Industry Methanol in Industrial Chemistry (General) Methanol in Energy Storage and Carbon Recycling 18 References 21 2 Fossil Feedstocks-What Comes After? Fossil Raw Materials for Energy... and Chemical Feedstocks Availability of Crude Oil, Natural Gas and Coal Alternatives for Replacing Fossil Raw Materials Solar Resources-Biomass Nuclear Power/Energy Carbon Dioxide Methanol Economy Conclusion 35 References 36 3 Vision: "Technical Photosynthesis" Introduction The Natural Material Cycles of the Elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen The Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen Cycles The Carbon Cycle Renewable Energy Sources Water Power and Biomass Direct Utilisation of Sunlight: Solar Thermal Energy, Photovoltaics Wind Energy Hydrogen as a Source of Energy Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide Prospects for a "Technical Photosynthesis" 47 References 49 ix

3 x Contents 4 Methanol Generation Raw Materials for Methanol Production Fossil Raw Materials Renewable Raw Materials Synthesis Gas Generation General Aspects Reforming and Partial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons Synthesis Gas Generation Processes and Feedstocks Steam Reforming Autothermal Reforming Ill Combined Reforming Partial Oxidation Process Selection Criteria for Methanol Generation Synthesis Gas from Gasification Processes Introduction Development of Gasification Worldwide General Principles of Gasification Processes Chemical Reactions of Gasification Commercial Processes Examples of Commercial Gasification Processes Raw Syngas from Different Gasifier Technologies: Quench and Particulates Removal Conditioning and Purification of Crude Synthesis Gas after Gasification Acid Gas Removal C02 and H2 for Methanol Production C02 Separation from Natural Gas, Syngas, and Flue Gas Hydrogen Generation: Overview Hydrogen Production: Water-Splitting Technologies with Renewable Energy The Catalysis of Methanol Synthesis Catalysts for the Synthesis of Methanol Methanol from Synthesis Gas Makeup Gas Commercial Methanol Synthesis from Syngas Introduction Conventional Commercial Methanol Synthesis Processes Large-Scale Methanol Plant Process Designs Reactor Systems for Large-scale Plants Methanol Distillation Unconventional Methanol Synthesis on Semicommercial Scale 266

4 Contents xi 4.8 Methanol Production from C Introduction The Lurgi Process with a Cu/Zn/Al-Catalyst The Korean Institute of Science and Technology CAMERE Process Mitsui's Process for Producing Methanol from... C The CRI Iceland Demonstration Plant Catalysts Alternative Approaches Conclusion 284 References Substance Properties of Methanol Physical Properties of Pure Methanol Toxicology Occurrence of Methanol Use of Methanol Biological Effects of Methanol Toxicodynamics Treatment of Methanol Intoxication Risks and Dangers by Exposition of Methanol Mass Poisoning and Accidents Caused by Methanol Environmental Toxicology of Methanol Conclusion Transport, Storage and Safety Handling Transport Handling and Use Storage Safe Handling in Industrial Processes 319 References Methanol Utilisation Technologies Introduction Methanol-Derived Chemicals: Methanol as a CpBase Acetic Acid Anhydride Production of Vinyl Acetate Monomer on the Basis of Synthesis Gas Ethylene Glycol Methyl Formate and its Role as Synthetic Building Block in C,-Chemistry Formic Acid Carbon Monoxide for Organic Syntheses Methanol Homologation to Ethanol Acetic Acid 360

5 xii Contents Formaldehyde Dimethyl Carbonate Hydrogen Cyanide Methyl Methacrylate Methyl Amines Methyl Halogenide Production from Methanol Sulphur Compounds Derived from Methanol Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether and Tert-Butanol from Isobutylene Tert Amyl Methyl Ether Dimethyl Terephthalic Acid Dimethyl Ether Sodium Methylate Miscellaneous Methanol as Fuel Methanol Fuel in Combustion Engines Methanol-based Fuel Additives Catalysis of Methanol Conversion to Hydrocarbons Methanol-to-Gasoline Process Methanol-to-Olefins Processes Methanol-to-Propylene Process Other Methanol Derivatives Other Methanol Utilisation Technologies Methanol Splitting and Reforming for Hydrogen-Rich Gases Methanol Fuel Cells Methanol in Biotechnology 561 References Methanol Generation Economics Introduction State-of-the-Art Technologies for Methanol Production Economics of Methanol Synthesis from Natural Gas Methanol from Coal Economics of Methanol Synthesis from Coal Methanol from Renewable Energies Economics of Methanol Synthesis from Biomass Recycling of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol Conclusion 617 References 617

6 Contents xiii 8 Methanol as a Hydrogen and Energy Carrier Introduction Production of Storage Molecules Renewable Hydrogen Production Renewable Methane Production Renewable Methanol Production Storage and Transport of Energy Molecules Methane Storage and Transport Methanol Storage and Transport Energy Efficiency According to Application Fuel Power Generation Chemical Industry Balancing of the Process Chain Comparison of Storage of Surplus Power via Methane and Methanol Introductory Remarks for the Comparison Basic Assumptions for the Comparison of Methane Versus Methanol Storage Results of Comparison of a MegaMethanol Plant (5,000 tpd) with an SNG Plant for Methane Production (110,000 Nm3/h) Conclusion 651 References 653 Company Index 657 Subject Index 661