The Mexican Army Advances

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2 The Mexican Army Advances Seeking revenge against the rebellious Texans, Santa Anna decided that he would personally lead the attack. In Feb Santa Anna s army of approximately 6,000 soldiers reached the Rio Grande. Santa Anna led some of his forces to San Antonio.

3 The Mexican Army Advances General Jose de Urrea General Jose de Urrea who entered Texas further south near Matamoros, proceeded with an army toward Goliad. The Texas army was unprepared for an advance by the Mexican troops, and Urrea quickly overtook the Texans that were headed to Matamoros.

4 The Mexican Army Advances The rest of the Texas troops were scattered into small groups. Colonel James Neill had just more than 100 troops in San Antonio and about 400 soldiers were in Goliad under the command of Colonel James Fannin. Colonel James Fannin

5 The Mexican Army Advances Governor Henry Smith Sam Houston was alarmed that the Texas army was so ill-prepared and disorganized. He sent James Jim Bowie to San Antonio to evaluate the situation there. Houston recommended that the Alamo be destroyed and its artillery removed. Governor Smith disagreed, believing it was important to defend the Alamo

6 The Mexican Army Advances James Jim Bowie On January 19 Bowie arrived in San Antonio with 25 men. He examined Colonel Neill s improvements to the fort and its 21 cannons. He and Neill agreed that the Alamo and its artillery were too important to destroy. He wrote Governor Smith with his recommendation.

7 The Mexican Army Advances When Smith received Bowie s letter, he sent reinforcements. He ordered Colonel William B. Travis and the 30 men Travis recruited to San Antonio. As word of the rebellion spread, U.S. volunteers trickled into Texas including famous frontiersman and former U.S. Congressman from Tennessee, David Crockett. He didn t want a position of authority. David Crockett

8 The Mexican Army Advances James Bonham James Bonham and a volunteer force from Alabama called the Mobile Grays also joined the Texas defenders. When Colonel Neill had to leave the Alamo to care for an ill family member, he put Travis in command. Bowie and Travis argued over control, but finally agreed to share command.

9 The Siege Begins As the Mexican troops approached San Antonio, the Texas troops built up their defenses. They strengthened the walls by building them 12 feet high and 2 feet wide. They also built palisades (high fences made of stakes) for the soldiers to fight behind. 21 cannons were placed around the Alamo.

10 The Siege Begins The Alamo would be difficult to defend. The area enclosed was 3 acres and likely required 1,000 soldiers to defend it properly. The Texans only had 150 men. Travis and the rest of the Alamo defenders hoped for reinforcements. Juan Seguin organized scouts to look for Santa Anna s troops.

11 The Siege Begins As Mexican troops marched in to the city, the defenders, their families and some local residents rushed into the Alamo walls. Expecting a siege, they collected food, supplies and ammunition. General Santa Anna demanded their surrender and the Texans responded by firing a cannon shot toward the Mexican army.

12 The Siege Begins Santa Anna responded quickly by ordering a blood red flag to be flown so the defenders could see. This no quarter flag meant that Santa Anna would leave no survivors. On February 24, Mexican forces began firing on the Alamo and that day Travis wrote his famous letter which was a request for aid in the face of certain death.

13 The Siege Begins Bowie, who was ill, collapsed during on the second day of the siege, so Travis took command. He ordered the Texans to stop shooting so they could save their ammunition.

14 The Fall of the Alamo Travis sent out several more pleas for help. Bonham left to find aid for the Alamo, only to sneak back in on March 3. Juan Seguin snuck past Mexican solders to request help from Col. James Fannin at Goliad, but no help arrived. On March 1, 32 volunteers from Gonzales rode into the Alamo.

15 The Fall of the Alamo In the early morning hours of March 6 the Mexican forces attacked the Alamo to the sounds of Santa Anna s army band playing El Deguello. This song meant no mercy would be shown. Mexican troops overwhelmed the Texans with their bombardment and hand to hand combat followed until almost every defender was killed.

16 The Fall of the Alamo Susanna Dickinson As the smoke cleared, at least 182 Texans were dead. Accounts of Mexican losses vary. There were some 600 Mexican casualties. Of the Alamo, survivors, Susanna Dickinson and her baby. Santa Anna summoned her and told her to warn the other Texans of the fate of the Alamo to discourage any more rebellion.

17 The Fall of the Alamo General Santa Anna believed that the fall of the Alamo would convince Texans to surrender. In a letter, he wrote that he had achieved a complete and glorious triumph. Instead, the Alamo became a symbol to many Texans that they must fight at any cost.