Verbal Reasoning. Guess What

Transcription

1 Verbal Reasoning Guess What Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales and the Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test Professional Manual Cecil R. Reynolds, PhD Randy W. Kamphaus, PhD Verbal Memory Nonverbal Memory What s Missing Odd-Item Out Copyright 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003 by Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form or by any means without written permission of Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Printed in the U.S.A.

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3 RIAS Record Form Cecil R. Reynolds, PhD, and Randy W. Kamphaus, PhD Name Gender Ethnicity Grade/highest level of education ID# Examiner Reason for referral Referral source Date Tested Date of Birth Age Year Month Day Guess What (GWH) Odd-Item Out (OIO) Verbal Reasoning (VRZ) What s Missing (WHM) Verbal Memory (VRM) Nonverbal Memory (NVM) Raw Scores RIAS Subtest Scores/Index Summary Age-Adjusted T Scores (refer to Appendix A, Table ) Verbal Nonverbal Memory Sum of T Scores + = RIAS Indexes (refer to Appendix B) VIX NIX CIX CMX Confidence Interval % Percentile Rank Verbal Intelligence Index Nonverbal Intelligence Index Composite Intelligence Index Composite Memory Index Additional Information (optional) Primary language spoken at home Name of school (if applicable) Parental educational attainment (if applicable) Occupation (if applicable) Vision/hearing/language/motor problems (specify) History of learning problems History of medical/neurological problems Notes 1

4 Table 1.1 Structure and Components of the RIAS Indexes Composite Intelligence Index (CIX) Verbal Intelligence Index (VIX) Guess What (GWH) Verbal Reasoning (VRZ) Nonverbal Intelligence Index (NIX) Odd-Item Out (OIO) What s Missing (WHM) Composite Memory Index (CMX) Verbal Memory (VRM) Nonverbal Memory (NVM) CIX provides a summary estimate of general intelligence, or g. CIX is equal to the scaled sum of the T scores for the four subtests that comprise the Verbal Intelligence Index (VIX) and the Nonverbal Intelligence Index (NIX). VIX provides a summary estimate of verbal intelligence as assessed by verbal reasoning and reflects primarily crystallized intellectual functions. VIX is equal to the scaled sum of the T scores for the two verbal intelligence subtests, Guess What (GWH) and Verbal Reasoning (VRZ). Examinees are given a set of two to four clues and asked to deduce the object or concept being described. This subtest measures verbal reasoning in combination with vocabulary, language development, and overall fund of available information. Examinees listen to a propositional statement that essentially forms a verbal analogy and are asked to respond with one or two words that complete the idea or proposition. This subtest measures verbal-analytical reasoning ability, but with fewer vocabulary and general knowledge demands than Guess What. NIX provides a summary estimate of nonverbal intelligence as assessed by nonverbal reasoning and reflects primarily fluid intellectual functions. NIX is equal to the scaled sum of the T scores for the two nonverbal intelligence subtests, Odd-Item Out (OIO) and What s Missing (WHM). Examinees are presented with a picture card containing from five to seven pictures or drawings and are asked to designate which one does not belong or go with the others. This subtest measures nonverbal reasoning skills but also requires the use of spatial ability, visual imagery, and other nonverbal skills on various items. It is a form of reverse nonverbal analogy. In a redesign of a classic task present on various ability measures, examinees are shown a picture with some key element or logically consistent component missing and are asked to identify the missing essential element. This subtest measures nonverbal reasoning wherein the examinee must conceptualize the picture, analyze its gestalt, and deduce what essential element is missing. CMX provides a summary estimate of verbal and nonverbal memory functions in general. CMX is equal to the scaled sum of T scores for the two memory subtests, Verbal Memory (VRM) and Nonverbal Memory (NVM). This scale consists of a single verbal memory subtest. On the basis of the examinee s age, a series of sentences or brief stories are read aloud by the examiner and then recalled by the examinee. This task assesses the ability to encode, briefly store, and recall verbal material in a meaningful context where associations are clear and evident. This scale consists of a single visual memory subtest. It contains a series of items in which a stimulus picture is presented for 5 seconds, followed by presentation of an array of pictures from which the examinee must identify the target picture. It assesses the ability to encode, store, and recognize pictorial stimuli that are both concrete and abstract or without meaningful referents. 2

5 Table 1.2 Summary of Eight Primary Goals for Development of the RIAS 1. Provide a reliable and valid measurement of g and its two primary components, verbal and nonverbal intelligence, with close correspondence to crystallized and fluid intelligence. 2. Provide a practical measurement device in terms of efficacies of time, direct costs, and information needed from a measure of intelligence. 3. Allow continuity of measurement across all developmental levels from ages 3 years through 94 years for both clinical and research purposes. 4. Substantially reduce or eliminate dependence on motor coordination and visual-motor speed in the measurement of intelligence. 5. Eliminate dependence on reading in the measurement of intelligence. 6. Provide for accurate prediction of basic academic achievement at levels that are at least comparable to that of intelligence tests twice its length. 7. Apply familiar, common concepts that are clear and easy to interpret, coupled with simple administration and scoring. 8. Eliminate items that show differential item functioning, or DIF, associated with gender or ethnicity. 3

6 Table 3.2 RIAS Scheme of Verbal Descriptors of Intelligence Test Performance Intelligence test Verbal descriptor score range Significantly below average 69 Moderately below average Below average Average Above average Moderately above average Significantly above average 130 4

7 Table 5.1 Reliability Coefficients of the RIAS Subtests by Age Group Subtest Guess Verbal Odd-Item What s Verbal Nonverbal Age (years) What (GWH) Reasoning (VRZ) Out (OIO) Missing (WHM) Memory (VRM) Memory (NVM) Median

8 Table 5.2 Reliability Estimates of the RIAS Indexes by Age Group Index Age (years) VIX NIX CIX CMX Median Note. VIX = Verbal Intelligence Index; NIX = Nonverbal Intelligence Index; CIX = Composite Intelligence Index; CMX = Composite Memory Index. 6

9 Table 5.4 Reliability Coefficients of the RIAS Subtests and Indexes by Gender and Age Group Subtest Index GWH VRZ OIO WHM VRM NVM VIX NIX CIX CMX Age (years) M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F Note. GWH = Guess What; VRZ = Verbal Reasoning; OIO = Odd-Item Out; WHM = What s Missing; VRM = Verbal Memory; NVM = Nonverbal Memory; VIX = Verbal Intelligence Index; NIX = Nonverbal Intelligence Index; CIX = Composite Intelligence Index; CMX = Composite Memory Index; M = Male; F = Female. 7

10 Table 5.5 Reliability Coefficients of the RIAS Subtests and Indexes by Ethnicity and Age Group Subtest Index GWH VRZ OIO WHM VRM NVM VIX NIX CIX CMX Age (years) W AA W AA W AA W AA W AA W AA W AA W AA W AA W AA Note. GWH = Guess What; VRZ = Verbal Reasoning; OIO = Odd-Item Out; WHM = What s Missing; VRM = Verbal Memory; NVM = Nonverbal Memory; VIX = Verbal Intelligence Index; NIX = Nonverbal Intelligence Index; CIX = Composite Intelligence Index; CMX = Composite Memory Index; W = White; AA = African American. 8

11 Table 6.1 RIAS Intelligence Subtest Loadings From a Principal Factors Solution by Age Group g a Factor 1 Factor Subtest years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years Guess What Verbal Reasoning Odd-Item Out What s Missing Note. Values in bold indicate the highest loadings on the relevant factor. a g, or general intelligence factor, reported as the subtests loadings on the first unrotated principal factor. Loadings for both Factor 1 and Factor 2 are those following varimax rotation. Table 6.2 RIAS Intelligence and Memory Subtest Loadings From a Principal Factors Solution by Age Group g a Factor 1 Factor Subtest years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years Guess What Verbal Reasoning Odd-Item Out What s Missing Verbal Memory Nonverbal Memory Note. Values in bold indicate the highest loadings on the relevant factor. a g, or general intelligence factor, reported as the subtests loadings on the first unrotated principal factor. Loadings for both Factor 1 and Factor 2 are those following varimax rotation. 9

12 Table 6.3 RIAS Intelligence Subtest Loadings From a Principal Factors Solution by Gender g a Factor 1 Factor 2 Subtest Male Female Male Female Male Female Guess What Verbal Reasoning Odd-Item Out What s Missing b r c Note. Values in bold indicate the highest loadings on the relevant factor. a g, or general intelligence factor, reported as the subtests loadings on the first unrotated principal factor. Loadings for both Factor 1 and Factor 2 are those following varimax rotation. b r c = coefficient of congruence. Table 6.4 RIAS Intelligence and Memory Subtest Loadings From a Principal Factors Solution by Gender g a Factor 1 Factor 2 Subtest Male Female Male Female Male Female Guess What Verbal Reasoning Odd-Item Out What s Missing Verbal Memory Nonverbal Memory r b c Note. Values in bold indicate the highest loadings on the relevant factor. a g, or general intelligence factor, reported as the subtests loadings on the first unrotated principal factor. Loadings for both Factor 1 and Factor 2 are those following varimax rotation. b r c = coefficient of congruence. 10

13 Table 6.5 RIAS Intelligence Subtest Loadings From a Principal Factors Solution by Ethnicity g a Factor 1 Factor 2 African African African Subtest White American White American White American Guess What Verbal Reasoning Odd-Item Out What s Missing r b c Note. Values in bold indicate the highest loadings on the relevant factor. a g, or general intelligence factor, reported as the subtests loadings on the first unrotated principal factor. Loadings for both Factor 1 and Factor 2 are those following varimax rotation. b r c = coefficient of congruence. Table 6.6 RIAS Intelligence and Memory Subtest Loadings From a Principal Factors Solution by Ethnicity g a Factor 1 Factor 2 African African African Subtest White American White American White American Guess What Verbal Reasoning Odd-Item Out What s Missing Verbal Memory Nonverbal Memory r b c Note. Values in bold indicate the highest loadings on the relevant factor. a g, or general intelligence factor, reported as the subtests loadings on the first unrotated principal factor. Loadings for both Factor 1 and Factor 2 are those following varimax rotation. b r c = coefficient of congruence. Table 6.7 Correlations Between RIAS Subtest Raw Scores and Age by Gender and Ethnicity for Ages 3 to 18 Years Only Ethnicity Gender Largest All individuals African Hispanic absolute Subtest ages 3-18 years Male Female White American American difference a Guess What Verbal Reasoning Odd-Item Out What s Missing Verbal Memory Nonverbal Memory Note. N = 1,408. All correlations are significant at the p.01 level. a Largest absolute difference between correlations obtained for the total sample of 3- to 18-year-olds and correlations obtained for each subsample. 11

14 Table 6.9 Correlations Between the RIAS Indexes and the WISC-III IQs WISC-III IQ VIQ PIQ FSIQ RIAS index M SD M SD M SD M SD VIX NIX ns.60 CIX CMX Note. N = 54. WISC-III = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for ChildrenThird Edition. VIX = Verbal Intelligence Index; NIX = Nonverbal Intelligence Index; CIX = Composite Intelligence Index; CMX = Composite Memory Index; VIQ = Verbal IQ; PIQ = Performance IQ; FSIQ = Full Scale IQ. Correlation marked ns is not statistically significant. All other correlations are statistically significant at p.01. Table 6.12 Correlations Between the RIAS Indexes and the WAIS-III IQs WAIS-III IQ VIQ PIQ FSIQ RIAS index M SD M SD M SD M SD VIX NIX CIX CMX Note. N = 31. WAIS-III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence ScaleThird Edition. VIX = Verbal Intelligence Index; NIX = Nonverbal Intelligence Index; CIX = Composite Intelligence Index; CMX = Composite Memory Index; VIQ = Verbal IQ; PIQ = Performance IQ; FSIQ = Full Scale IQ. All correlations are statistically significant at p.05. Table 6.15 Correlations Between the RIAS Indexes and the WIAT Composites WIAT composite Total Reading Math Language Writing composite RIAS index M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD VIX NIX CIX CMX Note. N = 78. WIAT = Wechsler Individual Achievement Test. VIX = Verbal Intelligence Index; NIX = Nonverbal Intelligence Index; CIX = Composite Intelligence Index; CMX = Composite Memory Index. All correlations are statistically significant at p

15 RIST Record Form Randy W. Kamphaus, PhD, and Cecil R. Reynolds, PhD Name Gender Ethnicity Grade/highest level of education Date Tested Year Month Day ID# Examiner Reason for referral Referral source Initial screening? Yes No Reevaluation? Yes No Date of Birth Age RIST Subtest Scores/Index Summary Guess What (GWH) Odd-Item Out (OIO) Raw Scores Age-Adjusted T Scores (refer to Appendix A, Table ) Profile RIST Subtest T Scores GWH OIO T score T score Index RIST Index Sum of T Scores RIST Index (refer to Appendix J) Confidence Interval % Percentile Rank Notes

16 Table 7.1 Standard Errors of Measurement and Reliability Coefficients of the RIST by Age, Gender, and Ethnicity Reliability coefficients Total African Age (years) SE M sample Male Female White American Median Note. N = 2,438. RIST = Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test. 14

17 Uncorrected (and Corrected) Pearson Correlations Between Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS) Indexes and WJ-III Scores for a Referral Sample RIAS Index WJ-III Mean and SD WJ-III Score VIX NIX CIX M SD Reading Composite.88 (.85).74 (.75).88 (.86) Basic Reading Composite.79 (.74).59 (.60).76 (.73) Comprehension.88 (.86).74 (.75).87 (.85) Low Identification.85 (.81).62 (.64).81 (.78) Reading Fluency.37 (.33).06 (.06).26 (.24) Passage Comprehension.85 (.81).71 (.72).85 (.82) Math Composite.80 (.75).70 (.71).82 (.79) Calculation Composite.72 (.67).57 (.58).72 (.68) Math Reasoning.86 (.83).85 (.86).90 (.88) Calculation.76 (.72).63 (.64).76 (.72) Math Fluency.68 (.63).55 (.56).66 (.63) Applied Problems.79 (.75).76 (.77).84 (.81) Written Language Composite.56 (.51).33 (.34).54 (.50) Written Expression Composite.58 (.53).55 (.57).64 (.60) Writing Fluency.50 (.45).34 (.35).49 (.45) RIAS Mean RIAS SD Note. N varies from a low of 26 on Written Expression Composite to 127 for RIAS scores. Most correlations in this table are based on Ns from 50 to 81. Data courtesy of Charles Szasz of West Virginia. 15

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