NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION CONTRACT NO. NAS TECHNICAL SUPPORT PACKAGE
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1 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION CONTRACT NO. NAS TECHNICAL SUPPORT PACKAGE On LONG LIFE STRATOSPHERIC BALLOON SYSTEM WITH ALTITUDE CONTROL for 01/01/2002 NASA TECH BRIEF Vol. 26, No. 1 from JPL NEW TECHNOLOGY REPORT NPO Inventor(s): Jack A Jones NOTICE This document was prepared under the sponsorship of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Neither the United States Government nor any person acting on behalf of the United States Government assumes any liability resulting from the use of the information contained in this document or warrants that such use will be free from privately owned rights. If trade names or manufacturers' names are used in this report, it is for identification only. This usage does not constitute an official endorsement, either expressed or implied, by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. TSP assembled by: JPL Intellectual Assets office pp. i, 1 2 JET PROPULSION LABORATORY CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA, CALIFORNIA 01/01/2002
2 Long-Life Stratospheric Balloon System With Altitude Control There would be no venting of helium or dropping of ballast. NASA s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California A proposed improved balloon system for carrying scientific instruments in the stratosphere would include a lightweight, ambient-pressure helium balloon and a vented infrared Montgolfiere (see figure). [An infrared Montgolfiere is an ambientpressure warm-air balloon, named after the familiar fire-heated hot-air balloons invented by the Montgolfier brothers. An infrared Montgolfiere is heated primarily by the Sun during the day, and/or by infrared radiation from relatively warm surface of the Earth at night.] The system would feature controllability of altitude for taking scientific data, landing, or taking advantage of favorable winds for relocation. The system would be designed for long life, but would weigh less (and therefore cost less) than do previously developed long-life balloon systems. The advantages of the proposed system are best understood in the context of two prior classes of long-life, high-altitude balloons. One prior class is that of helium superpressure balloons, in which pressures above ambient are maintained in order to maintain constant densities and thus constant altitudes. The other prior class is that of infrared Montgolfieres (used by themselves, rather than in combination with ambientpressure helium balloons according to the present proposal). Superpressure balloons must be strong, and thus heavy, to maintain their interior pressures above ambient. Montgolfieres are not as efficient as helium balloons are and hence must be very large, and correspondingly heavy. A Montgolfiere by Ambient-Pressure Helium Balloon Vent Infrared Montgolfiere Air In Two Different Balloons would be used together to take advantage of the differences between their diurnal variations in buoyancy. itself floats higher during the day than during the night, and thus is not well suited for observations for which altitude control is required. Altitude control for helium balloons has been effected by partial venting of helium (for descent) or dropping of ballast (for ascent), but these releases entail a tradeoff between controllability and longevity. In the proposed system, there would be no deliberate venting of helium or release of ballast. The ambient-pressure helium balloon would provide most of the lift during the day. The infrared Montgolfiere could be used to make up for the small decrease in buoyancy caused by nighttime cooling of the helium balloon, or to increase altitude. A vent in the top of the infrared Montgolfiere could be used to vary the buoyancy. Masses and sizes of a conventional superpressure helium balloon and of the balloons in the proposed system have been calculated for a payload mass of 500 kg at the altitude where the ambient pressure is 0.01 bar (1 kpa). The total mass of the proposed system was found to lie between one-fifth and one-third of that of the superpressure helium balloon, the exact value depending on specific design parameters. Because the construction of an ambient-pressure balloon is much easier than is that of a superpressure balloon, the cost of the proposed system should be even lower than that indicated by the ratio of masses. This work was done by Jack Jones of Caltech for NASA s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NPO i
3 NTR INVENTOR S REPORT NTR: PLEASE BE AS CLEAR AND SPECIFIC AS POSSIBLE, AS THIS REPORT MAY BE MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH TECH BRIEFS Section 1 (Novelty), 2A (Problem), and 2B (Solution) must be completely fully. Your published paper may be attached to satisfy Section 2C (Description and Explanation). 1. Novelty-Describe what is new and different about your work and its improvements over the prior art. The combination of a lightweight, zero-pressure helium balloon (same pressure inside as outside ambient) with a vented Infrared Montgolfiere hot air balloon (traps Earth radian heat ) results in a very long life high altitude balloon that, for the first time, is extremely light weight and inexpensive, and that can be controlled in altitude to catch favorable winds to re-locate or to land safely for refurbishment. 2. Technical Disclosure A. Problem-Motivation that led to development or problem that was solved. Previous long-life high altitude balloons were wither helium superpressure balloons (pressure above ambient to maintain constant density and thus altitude) or Infrared (IR) hot air balloons, known as Infrared Montgolfieres (solar heated during the day and heated by Earth radiant heat at night). Superpressure balloons must be strong, and thus heavy, to maintain a higher pressure inside compared to outside. IR Montgolfieres are not really as efficient as helium balloons, and thus must be very large, and correspondingly heavy. Furthermore, they float higher during the day than night, and thus are not greatly suited for some missions, such as buoyant astronomical observatories. In addition, helium balloons systems are not well suited to provide adequate altitude control to catch favorable winds for re-location or to land in specific areas. Altitude control for helium balloons previously required the limited use of venting and/or ballasting. B. Solution The solution is to use a lightweight zero-pressure (same pressure inside and out) helium balloon to provide most of the lift during the day. At night, an IR Montgolfiere can be used to make up small buoyancy differences due to night time cooling of the helium balloon, and to push the balloon system higher if desired. A vent in the top of the IR Montgolfiere can vary buoyancy between day and night and can act to change altitude to catch favorable winds for relocation and/or to land in a particular area safely for refurbishment. 1
4 C. Detailed Description and Explanation Calculations have been performed to show that a helium superpressure balloon (60 gm/m2) to carry a 500 kg payload to the altitude at 0.01 bar pressure is about 50 m in diameter and weights 460 kg (Table 1). The same zero pressure helium balloon (15 gm/m2) is only 42 m in diameter and weights 82 kg. (Table 2). The loss of buoyancy of this clear balloon at night is only 1kg (Table 3). Allowing for additional margin with a loss of buoyancy of 10 kg, an Infrared Montgolfiere (15 gm/m2) would need to be approximately 33 m in diameter and weight 52 kg (Table 4). Even allowing for 50 kg loss of buoyancy due to loss of helium gas, the IR Montgolfiere is still only 43 m diameter and weighs 90 kg (Table 5). Thus the combined mass of the helium zero pressure balloon and vented IR Montgolfiere is about 3-5 times less than for a superpressure balloon, and because construction is much easier than for a thick composite superpressure balloon, the cost savings very significant. Furthermore, this balloon combination can change altitudes to catch favorable winds to re-locate and can land safely for refurbishment at prescribed location. 2
5 Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process or service by trade name, trademark manufacturer or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement by the United States Government or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. The work described here was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
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