MATH 105: Finite Mathematics 7-4: Conditional Probability
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From this document you will learn the answers to the following questions:
What is the probability that both are red and white?
What color is in the balls in the urn?
Conditional Probability information can affect the probability of a second event?
Transcription
1 MATH 105: Finite Mathematics 7-4: Conditional Probability Prof. Jonathan Duncan Walla Walla College Winter Quarter, 2006
2 Outline 1 Introduction to Conditional Probability 2 Some s 3 A New Multiplication Rule 4 Conclusion
3 Outline 1 Introduction to Conditional Probability 2 Some s 3 A New Multiplication Rule 4 Conclusion
4 Extra Information and Probability In 1991 the following problem caused quite a stir in the world of mathematics. Monty Hall Problem Monty Hall, the host of Let s Make a Deal invites you to play a game. He presents you with three doors and tells you that two of the doors hide goats, and one hides a new car. You get to choose one door and keep whatever is behind that door. You choose a door, and Monte opens one of the other two doors to reveal a goat. He then asks you if you wish to keep your original door, or switch to the other door? Play the Game
5 Extra Information and Probability, continued... Monty Hall Solution You should switch doors. You choose Door A and have a 1 3 probability of winning. Monty eliminates a goat behind one of the other doors. Switching wins in cases 1 and 2 and looses in case 3. Thus, switching raises your probability of winning to 2 3.
6 Extra Information and Probability, continued... Monty Hall Solution You should switch doors. Door A Door B Door C 1 goat goat car 2 goat car goat 3 car goat goat : You choose Door A and have a 1 3 probability of winning. Monty eliminates a goat behind one of the other doors. Switching wins in cases 1 and 2 and looses in case 3. Thus, switching raises your probability of winning to 2 3.
7 Extra Information and Probability, continued... Monty Hall Solution You should switch doors. Door A Door B Door C 1 goat goat car 2 goat car goat 3 car goat goat : You choose Door A and have a 1 3 probability of winning. Monty eliminates a goat behind one of the other doors. Switching wins in cases 1 and 2 and looses in case 3. Thus, switching raises your probability of winning to 2 3.
8 Extra Information and Probability, continued... Monty Hall Solution You should switch doors. Door A Door B Door C 1 goat goat car 2 goat car goat 3 car goat goat : You choose Door A and have a 1 3 probability of winning. Monty eliminates a goat behind one of the other doors. Switching wins in cases 1 and 2 and looses in case 3. Thus, switching raises your probability of winning to 2 3.
9 Extra Information and Probability, continued... Monty Hall Solution You should switch doors. Door A Door B Door C 1 goat goat car 2 goat car goat 3 car goat goat : You choose Door A and have a 1 3 probability of winning. Monty eliminates a goat behind one of the other doors. Switching wins in cases 1 and 2 and looses in case 3. Thus, switching raises your probability of winning to 2 3.
10 Extra Information and Probability, continued... Monty Hall Solution You should switch doors. Door A Door B Door C 1 goat goat car 2 goat car goat 3 car goat goat : You choose Door A and have a 1 3 probability of winning. Monty eliminates a goat behind one of the other doors. Switching wins in cases 1 and 2 and looses in case 3. Thus, switching raises your probability of winning to 2 3.
11 Conditional Probability Here is another example of Conditional Probability. An urn contains 10 balls: 8 red and 2 white. Two balls are drawn at random without replacement. 1 What is the probability that both are red? 2 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is white? 3 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is red?
12 Conditional Probability Here is another example of Conditional Probability. An urn contains 10 balls: 8 red and 2 white. Two balls are drawn at random without replacement. 1 What is the probability that both are red? 2 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is white? 3 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is red?
13 Conditional Probability Here is another example of Conditional Probability. An urn contains 10 balls: 8 red and 2 white. Two balls are drawn at random without replacement. 1 What is the probability that both are red? 2 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is white? 3 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is red?
14 Conditional Probability Here is another example of Conditional Probability. An urn contains 10 balls: 8 red and 2 white. Two balls are drawn at random without replacement. 1 What is the probability that both are red? C(8, 2) C(10, 2) = What is the probability that both are red given that the first is white? 3 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is red?
15 Conditional Probability Here is another example of Conditional Probability. An urn contains 10 balls: 8 red and 2 white. Two balls are drawn at random without replacement. 1 What is the probability that both are red? ( ) 28 2 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is white? 3 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is red? 45
16 Conditional Probability Here is another example of Conditional Probability. An urn contains 10 balls: 8 red and 2 white. Two balls are drawn at random without replacement. 1 What is the probability that both are red? ( ) 28 2 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is white? This can t happen 3 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is red? 45
17 Conditional Probability Here is another example of Conditional Probability. An urn contains 10 balls: 8 red and 2 white. Two balls are drawn at random without replacement. 1 What is the probability that both are red? ( ) 28 2 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is white? (0) 3 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is red? 45
18 Conditional Probability Here is another example of Conditional Probability. An urn contains 10 balls: 8 red and 2 white. Two balls are drawn at random without replacement. 1 What is the probability that both are red? ( ) 28 2 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is white? (0) 3 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is red?
19 Conditional Probability Here is another example of Conditional Probability. An urn contains 10 balls: 8 red and 2 white. Two balls are drawn at random without replacement. 1 What is the probability that both are red? ( ) 28 2 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is white? (0) 3 What is the probability that both are red given that the first is red? In the last two questions, extra information changed the probability. 45
20 Conditional Probability Information given about one event can effect the probability of a second event. Knowing that the first ball was white in the problem above changed the probability that both balls were red. Conditional Probabilty If A and B are events in a sample space then the probability of A happening given that B happens is denoted Pr[A B] which is read The probabilty of A given B.
21 Conditional Probability Information given about one event can effect the probability of a second event. Knowing that the first ball was white in the problem above changed the probability that both balls were red. Conditional Probabilty If A and B are events in a sample space then the probability of A happening given that B happens is denoted Pr[A B] which is read The probabilty of A given B.
22 Venn Diagrams and Conditional Probability To help us develop a formula for Pr[A B] we will use Venn Diagrams in the following example. The probability of an event A is The probability of an event B is The probability of A B is Find Pr[A B] and Pr[B A]. Pr[A B] = Pr[B A] =
23 Venn Diagrams and Conditional Probability To help us develop a formula for Pr[A B] we will use Venn Diagrams in the following example. The probability of an event A is The probability of an event B is The probability of A B is Find Pr[A B] and Pr[B A]. Pr[A B] = Pr[B A] =
24 Venn Diagrams and Conditional Probability To help us develop a formula for Pr[A B] we will use Venn Diagrams in the following example. The probability of an event A is The probability of an event B is The probability of A B is Find Pr[A B] and Pr[B A]. A C 0.1 Pr[A B] = Pr[B A] =
25 Venn Diagrams and Conditional Probability To help us develop a formula for Pr[A B] we will use Venn Diagrams in the following example. The probability of an event A is The probability of an event B is The probability of A B is Find Pr[A B] and Pr[B A]. A C 0.1 Pr[A B] = Pr[B A] =
26 Venn Diagrams and Conditional Probability To help us develop a formula for Pr[A B] we will use Venn Diagrams in the following example. The probability of an event A is The probability of an event B is The probability of A B is Find Pr[A B] and Pr[B A]. A C 0.1 Pr[A B] = Pr[B A] =
27 Conditional Probability Formula Conditional Probability Formula Let A and B be events in a sample space. Then, Pr[A B] = Pr[A B] Pr[B] Note: Pr[A B] Pr[B] = c(a B) c(s) c(b) c(s) = c(a B) c(b)
28 Conditional Probability Formula Conditional Probability Formula Let A and B be events in a sample space. Then, Pr[A B] = Pr[A B] Pr[B] Note: Pr[A B] Pr[B] = c(a B) c(s) c(b) c(s) = c(a B) c(b)
29 Outline 1 Introduction to Conditional Probability 2 Some s 3 A New Multiplication Rule 4 Conclusion
30 Rolling Two Dice You roll two dice and note their sum. 1 What is the probability of at least one 3 given that the sum is six? 2 What is the probability that the sum is six given that there is at least one 3?
31 Rolling Two Dice You roll two dice and note their sum. 1 What is the probability of at least one 3 given that the sum is six? 2 What is the probability that the sum is six given that there is at least one 3?
32 Rolling Two Dice You roll two dice and note their sum. 1 What is the probability of at least one 3 given that the sum is six? Pr[B A] = c(a B) c(a) = What is the probability that the sum is six given that there is at least one 3?
33 Rolling Two Dice You roll two dice and note their sum. 1 What is the probability of at least one 3 given that the sum is six? Pr[B A] = c(a B) c(a) = What is the probability that the sum is six given that there is at least one 3?
34 Rolling Two Dice You roll two dice and note their sum. 1 What is the probability of at least one 3 given that the sum is six? Pr[B A] = c(a B) c(a) = What is the probability that the sum is six given that there is at least one 3? Pr[A B] = c(a B) c(b) = 1 11
35 On a Used Car Lot There are 4 vans, 2 SUVs, 6 compacts, and 3 motorcycles on a used car lot. One is chosen at random to be the special sale vehicle. 1 What is the probability the van is chosen given that the SUVs are not chosen? 2 What is the probability that the compact is chosen given that only vans or compacts are elligible?
36 On a Used Car Lot There are 4 vans, 2 SUVs, 6 compacts, and 3 motorcycles on a used car lot. One is chosen at random to be the special sale vehicle. 1 What is the probability the van is chosen given that the SUVs are not chosen? 2 What is the probability that the compact is chosen given that only vans or compacts are elligible?
37 On a Used Car Lot There are 4 vans, 2 SUVs, 6 compacts, and 3 motorcycles on a used car lot. One is chosen at random to be the special sale vehicle. 1 What is the probability the van is chosen given that the SUVs are not chosen? Pr[ van not SUV ] = What is the probability that the compact is chosen given that only vans or compacts are elligible?
38 On a Used Car Lot There are 4 vans, 2 SUVs, 6 compacts, and 3 motorcycles on a used car lot. One is chosen at random to be the special sale vehicle. 1 What is the probability the van is chosen given that the SUVs are not chosen? Pr[ van not SUV ] = What is the probability that the compact is chosen given that only vans or compacts are elligible?
39 On a Used Car Lot There are 4 vans, 2 SUVs, 6 compacts, and 3 motorcycles on a used car lot. One is chosen at random to be the special sale vehicle. 1 What is the probability the van is chosen given that the SUVs are not chosen? Pr[ van not SUV ] = What is the probability that the compact is chosen given that only vans or compacts are elligible? Pr[ compact compact or van ] = 6 10
40 Outline 1 Introduction to Conditional Probability 2 Some s 3 A New Multiplication Rule 4 Conclusion
41 Revising the Formula Revised Counditional Probability Formula We have seen the formula for conditional probability: Pr[A B] = Pr[A B] Pr[B] Multiplying both sides by Pr[B] yields: Pr[A B] = Pr[B] Pr[A B] Note: The second formula above allows us to use tree diagrams to compute probabilities using tree diagrams.
42 Revising the Formula Revised Counditional Probability Formula We have seen the formula for conditional probability: Pr[A B] = Pr[A B] Pr[B] Multiplying both sides by Pr[B] yields: Pr[A B] = Pr[B] Pr[A B] Note: The second formula above allows us to use tree diagrams to compute probabilities using tree diagrams.
43 Probability on a Tree Diagram Two urns contain colored balls. The first has 2 white and 3 red balls, and the second has 1 white, 2 red, and 3 yellow balls. One urn is selected at random and then a ball is drawn. Construct a tree diagram showing all probabilities for this experiment.
44 More Probabilities on Tree Diagrams An experiment consists of 3 steps. First, an unfair coin with Pr[H] = 1 3 is flipped. If a heads appears, a ball is drawn from urn #1 which contains 2 white and 3 red balls. If a tails is flipped, a ball is drawn from urn #2 which contains 4 white and 2 red balls. Finally, a ball is drawn from the other urn. Construct a tree diagram to help answer the following questions. 1 What is Pr[HW W ]? 2 What is Pr[ both balls red H flipped ]? 3 What is Pr[ 1st ball red T flipped ]? 4 What is Pr[ last ball red ]?
45 More Probabilities on Tree Diagrams An experiment consists of 3 steps. First, an unfair coin with Pr[H] = 1 3 is flipped. If a heads appears, a ball is drawn from urn #1 which contains 2 white and 3 red balls. If a tails is flipped, a ball is drawn from urn #2 which contains 4 white and 2 red balls. Finally, a ball is drawn from the other urn. Construct a tree diagram to help answer the following questions. 1 What is Pr[HW W ]? 2 What is Pr[ both balls red H flipped ]? 3 What is Pr[ 1st ball red T flipped ]? 4 What is Pr[ last ball red ]?
46 More Probabilities on Tree Diagrams An experiment consists of 3 steps. First, an unfair coin with Pr[H] = 1 3 is flipped. If a heads appears, a ball is drawn from urn #1 which contains 2 white and 3 red balls. If a tails is flipped, a ball is drawn from urn #2 which contains 4 white and 2 red balls. Finally, a ball is drawn from the other urn. Construct a tree diagram to help answer the following questions. 1 What is Pr[HW W ]? 2 What is Pr[ both balls red H flipped ]? 3 What is Pr[ 1st ball red T flipped ]? 4 What is Pr[ last ball red ]?
47 More Probabilities on Tree Diagrams An experiment consists of 3 steps. First, an unfair coin with Pr[H] = 1 3 is flipped. If a heads appears, a ball is drawn from urn #1 which contains 2 white and 3 red balls. If a tails is flipped, a ball is drawn from urn #2 which contains 4 white and 2 red balls. Finally, a ball is drawn from the other urn. Construct a tree diagram to help answer the following questions. 1 What is Pr[HW W ]? 2 What is Pr[ both balls red H flipped ]? 3 What is Pr[ 1st ball red T flipped ]? 4 What is Pr[ last ball red ]?
48 More Probabilities on Tree Diagrams An experiment consists of 3 steps. First, an unfair coin with Pr[H] = 1 3 is flipped. If a heads appears, a ball is drawn from urn #1 which contains 2 white and 3 red balls. If a tails is flipped, a ball is drawn from urn #2 which contains 4 white and 2 red balls. Finally, a ball is drawn from the other urn. Construct a tree diagram to help answer the following questions. 1 What is Pr[HW W ]? 2 What is Pr[ both balls red H flipped ]? 3 What is Pr[ 1st ball red T flipped ]? 4 What is Pr[ last ball red ]?
49 Preparing for Next Time The next two sections will study questions such as those below in more detail. In the previous example, find Pr[ last ball red H flipped ] and Pr[ last ball red T flipped ]. Does the result of the coin toss change the probability that the last ball is red? Again using the previous example, find Pr[ H flipped last ball red ]. Can the tree diagram be used to find this probability?
50 Preparing for Next Time The next two sections will study questions such as those below in more detail. In the previous example, find Pr[ last ball red H flipped ] and Pr[ last ball red T flipped ]. Does the result of the coin toss change the probability that the last ball is red? Again using the previous example, find Pr[ H flipped last ball red ]. Can the tree diagram be used to find this probability?
51 Preparing for Next Time The next two sections will study questions such as those below in more detail. In the previous example, find Pr[ last ball red H flipped ] and Pr[ last ball red T flipped ]. Does the result of the coin toss change the probability that the last ball is red? Again using the previous example, find Pr[ H flipped last ball red ]. Can the tree diagram be used to find this probability?
52 Outline 1 Introduction to Conditional Probability 2 Some s 3 A New Multiplication Rule 4 Conclusion
53 Important Concepts Things to Remember from Section Conditional Probability Formula: Pr[A B] = Pr[A B] Pr[B] 2 Using tree diagrams for probability: Pr[A B] = Pr[B] Pr[A B]
54 Important Concepts Things to Remember from Section Conditional Probability Formula: Pr[A B] = Pr[A B] Pr[B] 2 Using tree diagrams for probability: Pr[A B] = Pr[B] Pr[A B]
55 Important Concepts Things to Remember from Section Conditional Probability Formula: Pr[A B] = Pr[A B] Pr[B] 2 Using tree diagrams for probability: Pr[A B] = Pr[B] Pr[A B]
56 Next Time... Next time we will introduce the concept of independent events and how they relate to conditional probabilities. For next time Read Section 7-5 Prepare for Quiz on 7-4
57 Next Time... Next time we will introduce the concept of independent events and how they relate to conditional probabilities. For next time Read Section 7-5 Prepare for Quiz on 7-4
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