The Development of a Climate Façade for a Hot Humid Climate

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1 The Development of a Climate Façade for a Hot Humid Climate Peter van den Engel, Dr. Ir., Deerns Consulting Engineers and Delft University of Technology, subdepartment Climate Design; p.vd.engel@deerns.nl Georgios Mixoudis, Ir., Deerns Consulting Engineers; g.mixoudis@deerns.nl KEYWORDS: climate façade, mock-up, hot climate SUMMARY: After simulating the thermal performance of a climate façade for Abu Dhabi, a climate façade was tested in a mock-up room. This façade is compared with combinations of other façade and building services.. Introduction The green building concept is the starting point of design for many new buildings in the United Arabic Emirates, in cities like Dubai and Abu Dhabi. These buildings should have a modern and open character, integrated with Arabic cultural elements. One of the goals of the green building concept is a low energy consumption. Some principles of energy reduction are: Cool as much as possible with water instead of air. Reduce solar heat entering the façade. Make use of daylight as much as possible. At the moment several buildings with almost 70% glass façades - related tot the total façade surface - are developed in the U.A.E.. This normally creates both problems of overheating and a high energy consumption. However, with the use of a climate façade, it is possible to compensate these negative influences. The g-value of the glass is a very important factor to evaluate the external heat load. The g-value of conventional glass in the U.A.E. is In order to limit the external heat load the maximum glass percentage of the façade is normally 40%. Combining lower g-values with enough visible light transmittance, a higher percentage of glass is possible, up to even 70%. The g-value is defined as the amount of solar energy that enters the office room via radiation and convection. 2. Methods Design and physical principles of conventional climate façades were analysed. Based on these analyses the climate façade concept was adapted to hot and humid climates. For instance, double glass on the outside should have a low g-value of at least approx By means of simulations in TRNSYS and CFD (Phoenics), predictions of temperatures were made. A mock-up room with a climate façade was built. The mock-up room has the following dimensions: L x w x h = 6.2 x 6.2 x 2.8 m. The climate façade has a height of 2.6 m. The roof has an U-value of 0.4 W/m 2 K. The walls are double and are cooled mechanically. Measurements of airflow, temperature, solar radiation and humidity gave a lot of information. Moreover, indicative measurements showed the effect of this type of façade equipped with reflecting blinds on visual comfort. One of the most important evaluation parameters is the technical performance of the façade; damage to the façade due to local high temperatures or quick changes in temperatures should be prevented.

2 In order to predict the energy qualities, the climate façade is compared with other façades like a conventional façade with solar protected (reflecting) glass, a natural ventilated second skin façade and a façade with solar shading elements on the outside. 3. Results 3. Simulations 3.. TRNSYS-simulations With TRNSYS simulations an overview of the thermal behaviour of the façade of a whole year can be given. The solar energy at a south facade in Dubai is ca 850 W/m 2 in winter and ca 450 W/m 2 in summer due to the altitude of the sun, which leads to a higher external heat load in winter than in summer. The parameters used in the simulation include: - airflow = 35 m 3 /h per.20 m façade - g-value of the double glass = U-value of the glass =.04 W/m 2 K - visible light transmittance of the double glass = 56% - indoor temperature = 24 o C - height of the climate façade = 2.6 m 30 o C 40 o C 20 o C FIG.: Cavity and surface temperature of the glass at the office-side (left) and ambient air temperature in o C (right). TRNSYS-simulations of a whole year show a maximum surface temperature of the glass at the office-side of 29 (summer) - 33 o C (winter). A simulation of one day the 6 th of September (fig. 2) can be compared with measurements on that day (figure 7-9). The TRNSYS-year is an average of climatical data of the past (96-990). At the moment the temperature and humidity has become higher than the TRNSYS-simulations suggest.

3 2 3 FIG.2: Simulated temperatures of the air in the cavity and glass () at the office-side and the ambient temperature of the 6 th of September (2, max. ca 40 o C). The amount of solar energy is presented at the right side (3, max. ca 600 W/m 2 ). TRNSYS-simulations show that the g-value is not a fixed value. When the blinds are open the effective g-value in summer will be 0.29 and in winter With blinds closed the g-value will be lower than 0.8 in summer and 0.0 in winter (table ): TABLE : Overview of temperatures, energy transport, external heat load and g-values (south façade) Solar energy Blinds closed winter 850 W/m 2 glass surface Outdoor temperature Heat transport to office 20 o C 88 W/m 2 glass surface Heat load office 40 W/m 2 floor surface Blinds closed summer 450 W/m 2 45 o C W/m Blinds open winter 850 W/m 2 20 o C W/m Blinds open summer 450 W/m 2 45 o C W/m Effective g-value CFD-calculations CFD-calculations were made with blinds fully closed and fully opened. Fully closed blinds The parameters used in the simulation with closed blinds include: Outdoor temperature = 48 C Outdoor heat transfer coefficient = 25 W/m 2 K Indoor temperature = 22 C Indoor heat transfer coefficient = 8 W/m 2 K Gap ventilation supply temperature = 22 C Solar radiation on the façade = 800 W/m 2 A gap between the top of the blinds and the top of the cavity and the lowest blinds and the bottom of the cavity.

4 40 o C 27 o C 22 o C FIG.3: CFD simulations of the façade with closed blinds At the inside the average temperature of the glass is 27 o C, with 22 o C near the floor and 40 o C near the top Fully open blinds 20% of the solar radiation via the double window (240 W/m 2, g = 0.3) is absorbed by the blinds. 80% = 92 W/m 2 solar radiation passes the single glass at the office-side and enters the office. 45 o C 33 o C 25 o C 22 o C FIG.4: CFD simulations of the façade with open blinds At the inside the average temperature of the glass is ca. 25 o C, with 22 o C near the floor and 33 o C near the top. The maximum temperature of the blinds is 45 o C. The CFD-simulations show lower average glass temperatures than the TRNSYS-simulations. Points of attention that are checked by the CFD-simulations are: When the ventilation system of the façade fails, it is necessary to pull up the blinds to prevent overheating. This requires an automatic control system. The air should be extracted at the top fo the cavity to prevent heat accumulation at the top of the façade.

5 Equal distribution of air at the bottom of the cavity is necessary, the air inlet velocity schould be ca m/s in order to produce effective heat removal at both sides of the blinds. 3.2 Measurements 3.2. Thermal comfort In a mock-up room (6 x 6 m) measurements of the thermal comfort and the performance of the climate façade have been carried out. The mock-up room is cooled by water, by cooled beams in the ceiling (induction unit) and by a cooled floor and by (fresh) air via the cooled beams. FIG.5: Surface temperature of the glass at the inside and ceiling temperature Measurements of a façade in a mock-up room in Abu Dhabi on the 6 th September 2007 (2 pm) show an inside glass temperature of o C at a height of,4 m, o C near the floor and 25 o C near the top. The lower surface temperature near the top is created by cooled beams (induction unit) in the ceiling near the façade (fig. 5, to the right at the top). The air inlet temperature near the floor is 23 o C. The influence of the high outside glass temperatures (fig. 6) is low. FIG.6: Surface temperature of the glass at the outside Due to high street temperatures the outside glass temperature is 56 o C near the street and 5 o C near the top.

6 The 6 th September 2007 shows the following climate: 3 2 FIG.7: Ambient temperature (3, o C), absolute humidity (2, g/m 3 ) and solar radiation (W/m 2 ) on the façade on the 6 th September 2007 (, max. 600 W/m 2, with peaks of 00 W/m 2 above this maximum) FIG.8: Inner glass surface temperature (2) and operative room temperature (). The other temperatures are the surface temperature of the outer glazing at the cavity side (4) and the façade outlet temperature (3). Surface temperatures of the inner glazing show a maximum of 28 o C. In the cavity the glass temperature of the outer glazing is maximal 35.5 o C. The inside glass temperatures are ca. 2 o C lower than predicted with TRNSYS FIG.9: Façade inlet and outlet temperature and air temperature of the cavity behind and in front of the blinds. The following parameters are represented: Façade cavity inlet temperature (), operative room temperature (2), cavity temperature at the room side (3), façade outlet temperature (4) and cavity temperature in front of the blinds (5).

7 The maximum air temperatures in the cavity are ca 33 o C. TRNSYS simulations show lower maximum temperatures of 30 o C. However, the measured average outdoor temperature and the amount of solar radiation is more than in the TRNSYS model. The results show an acceptable relation between simulations and measurements of the thermal performance of the façade. The tools proved to be reliable enough for engineering purposes. Measurements of the thermal comfort in the office showed a comfort level equivalent to class A of the NEN-ISO Energy The measurements give some information about the energetic performance as well. The amount of heat absorbed by the cavity (open blinds) is 58 W per m 2 façade. This a little more than the presumed 48 W per m 2 facade for the CFD simulations (fig. 4). It is calculated after measurements of the airflow and air inlet and outlet temperature of the cavity. It was not possible to measure the external heat load in more detail. This is only possible when a mock-up room is highly insulated and is shielded very well from the outdoor climate Visual comfort Reflecting blinds (6% reflection) are applied in order both to promote the use of daylight and to reflect solar energy effectively. The position of the blinds is mechanically controlled via a control algorithm (Warema, Germany) which has to be adapted to the circumstances in Abu Dhabi. The measurements indicate that glare can occur in the office, when the blinds are open in summer. Consequently the control of the blinds should take into account the risk of glare. Brightness ratios of :60 between an average computer screen and the blinds can occur. Winter requires another kind of attention, since there will be more sunlight at the south facing facade with a low sun altitude, compared to the the summer when the sun approaches the zenith at midday. A possible alternative to the current design of the facade could be the use of 2 segments. A lower part of the facade with manual blind control, to make it easy to close the blinds in case of glare, and an upper part with automatic blind control to maximize the use of daylight. 3.3 Exploitation analysis The climate façade is compared with a room with a traditional façade with glass with a g-value of 0.26: External heat load W/m hours Traditional facade Active facade Fig. 0: Comparison external heat load of an office with a façade with a façade (70% glass) with an average g- value of 0.4 (climate façade, ) with a traditional façade with a g-value of 0.26 (2). Four different combinations of façade design and installation-types are compared. The operation and maintenance costs of the climate façade-options proved to be lowest (price level 2008). The combination with cooled beams (induction) with a cooled floor is the most favorable:

8 Operation & Maintenance Costs Fig. : Operation and maintenance costs of traditional climate design options with a high glass percentage of ca 70% (average g-value = 0.26) versus design options with a climate façade (average g-value = 0.4). The costs per month are related to the seize of the mock-up room. 3.4 Alternative types of façades Months Trad. Facade + Fan Coils Trad. Facade + Induction Climate facade + fan coils Climate facade + induction + floor cooling It might be possible as well to design a second skin façade (Hamza et al, 2007). However, Abu Dhabi has a very dusty environment, which prevents this option. Making use of external sunshade might be another possiblity. In order to have advantage of daylight and a maximum of outdoor view, external sunshades should be movable. Maintenance problems and limitations in case of high rise buildings make this option less attractive. 4. Conclusion This research of the climate façade fo Abu Dhabi shows the usefulness of design tools and shows that it is possible to design open transparent buildings with a high glass percentage in hot humid climates as well. Only small adaptations of the original climate façade concept are necessary. With this information the performance of other types of climate façade s can be predicted more accurately in the future. 5. References Hamza N., Gomaa A., Underwood C. (2007). Daylighting and thermal analysis of an obstructed double skin façade in hot areas, Proceedings of Clima 2007 Well Being Indoors, Helsinki, Finland. Bekker J., Renes S. (987). Laboratoriumonderzoek naar ontwerpcriteria voor klimaatramen (research report climate façade s), Bronswerk Airconditioning Research Centre, The Netherlands. 6. Acknowledgements The authors want to thank Marcus Offermann and Ruud van der Sman for their measurements of the Mock-up room, Wiebe Zoon and Vincent Vallenduuc for the CFD-simulations and Karel van de Wetering for reading the manuscript. The project is a practical test for the new office of Reem Emirates Aluminium in Abu Dhabi, for which building this climate façade is applied.

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