Turfgrass Anthracnose: Chemical Control Basics

Transcription

1 Turfgrass Anthracnose: Chemical Control Basics Dr. Frank P. Wong Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology University of California, Riverside PACE-PTRI PTRI Seminar Bahia Resort - San Diego, CA June 20, 2008

2 Turfgrass Anthracnose C. cereale

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4 photo: Wakar Uddin,, Penn State University

5 The Emergence of Anthracnose as a Major Problem on Turfgrass Foliar anthracnose was primarily seen as a nuisance disease on Poa annua (Smith 1954) A new basal rot appeared in the 1980 s which was more severe and difficult to control (Jackson and Herting 1985) Overall increase in both foliar and basal rot anthracnose through the 1990 s Late 1990 s, first reports of resistance to benzimidazole and QoI fungcides (Olaya 2002, Burpee 2002) 2000 s anthracnose considered a major disease of P. annua and A. palustris greens

6 Anthracnose Biology

7 Turfgrass Anthracnose: Colletotrichum cereale A senectopathic senectopathic disease of turfgrasses Primarily disease of senescent tissue aka a disease of the dead and dying Plant health/stress plays a factor Primarily attacks C3 (cool season) turf Recently taxonomically made distinct from C. graminicola Crouch, Clarke and Hillman 2006

8 recently, the fungus causing anthracnose was renamed those causing disease on turfgrass are now called Colletotrichum cereale C. graminicola maize and corn C. cereale cool season grasses

9 Turfgrass Anthracnose: Colletotrichum cereale Major problem on older Poa annua (annual bluegrass) greens Not frequently seen on Agrostis palustris (creeping bentgrass) ) in California Basal Rot 60 to 65 F, cool, wet Foliar Blight symptoms can be seen at 70 F F + symptoms most severe at 85 to 90 F+ plus water and heat stress

10 production of aceruvli spore release infection basal rot overwintering in debris/soil/plants foliar blight foliar blight + basal rot

11 Anthracnose Foliar Blight Latent Period Temperature ( o C) initial infections symptoms 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

12 Colletotrichum Latent Infections and Hemibiotrophic Parasitism STRESS A A H H

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16 Chemical Control Options for Anthracnose Management

17 Fungicide class Mode of action Systemicity Resistance risk? Active ingredient Trade names * Benzimidazoles single site Limited (AP) yes thiophanate- methyl Cleary's 3336, Fungo Nitriles multi site Contact no chlorothalonil Daconil, Concorde SST, Echo Phenylpyrroles single site Localized yes fludioxonil Medallion Phosphonates unknown Fully (BP) unknown fosetyl-al Aliette, Chipco Signature Polyoxins single site Localized yes polyoxin-d Endorse QoI-fungicides (QoIs,, formerly known as strobilurins) single site Limited (AP) to Localized yes azoxystrobin pyraclostrobin trifloxystrobin Heritage Insignia Compass Sterol biosynthesis- inhibitors (SIs( SIs) single site Limited (AP) yes fenarimol myclobutanil propiconazole triadimefon Rubigan AS Eagle Banner MAXX, Propiconazole Pro Bayleton

18 Fungicide Resistance sensitive resistant 10 mg/l azoxystrobin 0 mg/l

19 Failure Locations Origin of C. graminicola populations 10 locations sampled in 2002 to 2004 in CA Part of a state-wide resistance monitoring program Baseline Locations

20 Distribution of COLLCE sensitivities to azoxystrobin based upon single discriminatory dose testing 90% 80% Frequency in population 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0-10% 10-20%20-30% 30-40% 40-50% AnGC (40) FuGC (66) AHCC (84) TCGC (102) 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90% Relative growth at 8 ppm azoxystrobin ppm SHAM %

21 Sensitivity Distributions to Thiophanate-methyl Based upon Single Discriminatory Dose Testing 100% Frequency in population 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 0-10% 10-20% 20-30% 30-40% 40-50% 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% Relative growth at 10 mg/l thiophanate-methyl AHCC (84) FUGC (66) ANGC (40) 80-90% % Baseline (102)

22 Frequency of Frequency of QoI QoI and and Benzimidazole Benzimidazole Resistance Resistance yes yes DICC DICC yes yes BHCC BHCC yes yes SHGC SHGC no no SCCC SCCC yes yes EGGC EGGC yes yes CLCC CLCC no no TCGC TCGC yes yes FUGC FUGC yes yes ANCC ANCC yes yes AHCC AHCC % No. No. % No. No. Resistant to Resistant to thiophanate thiophanatemethyl methyl Resistant to Resistant to azoxystrobin azoxystrobin Total no. Total no. isolates isolates Fungicide Fungicide exposure* exposure* Population Population

23 Field Performance of QoI & Benzimidazole Fungicides 2003 Penn State Data W. Uddin 7 applications at 14-day intervals 4.0 A 3.5 AB AB 3.0 Anthracnose severity (0-10) BC C 0.5 D D 0.0 Untreated Check oz Compass 0.25 oz Heritage 0.40 oz Insignia 0.50 oz Banner MAXX 1.0 fl oz Banner MAXX 2.0 fl oz

24 QoI and Benzimidazole Resistance Frequency is high in resistant locations QoI and benzimidazole reistance are separate issues but often occur together because of fungicide use patterns Estimate 10 to 20 lifetime applications for QoIs Maybe 30 to 40 lifetime applications for benzimidazoles QoIs still have a place in summer programs for summer patch and rapid blight

25 Summer Patch Trials 2004 Hacienda Golf Club Rafael Barajas 4 or 8 applications starting 1 Jun Aug 23-Aug d 50 % summer patch b bc c 10 a a 0 Heritage 0.4 oz (28) Insignia 0.9 oz (28) Medallion 0.25 oz + Banner MAXX 1.0 fl oz (14) Compass 0.20 oz + Bayleton 1.0 oz (14) Clearys oz (28) Untreated Check

26 Rapid Blight 2003 University of Arizona Mary Olsen 6 applications to overseeded P. trivialis 8 A Turf quality (1 to 9) B C 0 Insignia 0.9 oz Compass 0.25 oz Check

27 Fungicide Timing Effects Anthracnose id more difficult to control curatively Recommended programs suggest starting applications at 65 F F soil temperatures Study at Arrowhead CC in 2002 to demonstrate effects of timing Banner MAXX 2 fl oz alt w/ Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz + Cleary oz Heritage 0.4 oz alt w/ Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz + Cleary oz

28 Anthracnose Foliar Blight Latent Period Temperature ( o C) initial infections symptoms 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

29 Control of Anthracnose AHCC 02 SI-program QoI-program AUDPC (Jun 26 - Aug 19) Apr 9 (64F) Apr 22 (64 F) May 6 (67 F) May 20 (69 F) Jun 3 (71 F) Jun 17 (74 F) Check Program start

30 DMI Fungicides Use under cool-warm weather conditions to minimize potential PGR effects Cold weather basal rot Spring to early summer preventive applications for anthracnose/summer patch programs There are differences amongst DMI fungicide effectiveness

31 Sensitivity to 4 SI-Fungicides: Baseline Population TCGC, n = ug/ml 0.15 ug/ml 0.75 ug/ml 5.6 ug/ml 35 Frequency (%) Log ED 50 (ug/ml) fungicide Triadimefon Myclobutanil Propiconazole Tebuconazole

32 Rutgers 2002 Anthracnose Data (B.B. Clarke) % Area Diseased Treatment 18 Jul 14 Aug 10 Sep 1.0 oz Eagle 40W (1.2 kg/ha myclobutanil) 1.0 fl ozbanner MAXX (1.1 kg/ha propoiconazole) 1.1 oz Lynx 45W (1.5 kg/ha tebuconazole) 1.0 oz Bayleton 50DF (1.5 kg/ha triadimefon) All treatments applied at 14 day intervals, 2 gal/m

33 DMI Fungicides Tebuconazole (Lynx) showed very strong performance in multi-year trials but is in development limbo Triticonazole (Trinity, Triton) appears good in UC trials, needs more examination data to follow this year Metconazole (Tourney) also appears good data to follow this year

34 Multi-year Fungicide Performance vs Anthracnose in California 3 years data from reflecting different fungicides Chlorothalonil Medallion Endorse Signature Tank Mixes Bacillus based Biologicals

35 Multi-year Fungicide Performance vs Anthracnose in California 2004 Round Hill Country Club, Alamo, CA (Troy Flanagan) 2005 & 2006 UC Riverside All experiments lasted from June to August Six applications at 14-day intervals was standard Letters above means indicate significant differences between treatments (Waller- Duncan k-ratio k test at 95% significance)

36 Chlorothalonil Performance b b b Anthracnose severity a a Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz Check 10 a

37 Medallion Performance 2004 & b b Anthracnose severity Medallion 0.25 oz Medallion 0.33 oz Medallion 0.50 oz Check 10 a a a a a a

38 Endorse Performance b b b Anthracnose severity a a a Endorse 4.0 oz Check

39 Signature Tank Mix Performance b d b Anthracnose severity a a a a b c a a Signature 4.0 oz + Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz Signature 4.0 oz + Medallion 0.33 oz Signature 4.0 oz + 26 GT 4.0 fl oz Signature 4.0 oz Check

40 Bacillus Biologicals d Anthracnose severity aa b a a aa c b Humabalance 1.5 fl oz Humabalance 3 fl oz Humabalance 3 fl oz (7) Ecogard 20 fl oz Ecogard 20 fl oz (7) Rhapsody 5 fl oz Rhapsody 5 fl oz (7) Check

41 Treatment Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz Medallion 0.25 oz Medallion 0.33 oz Medallion 0.50 oz Endorse 4.0 oz Signature 4.0 oz + Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz Signature 4.0 oz + Medallion 0.33 oz Signature 4.0 oz + 26 GT 4.0 fl oz Signature 4.0 oz Humabalance 1.5 fl oz Humabalance 3 fl oz Humabalance 3 fl oz (7) Ecogard 20 fl oz Ecogard 20 fl oz (7) Rhapsody 5 fl oz Rhapsody 5 fl oz (7) yrs data Avg Control 82% 91% 92% 92% 82% 91% 96% 86% 39% 83% 86% 89% 97% 94% 38% 72%

42 Best Management Practices: Chemical Control QoI and benzimidazole resistance are common QoIs lifetime applications benzimidazole lifetime applications Heritage/Insignia: summer patch Insignia/Compass: rapid blight 3336: other diseases

43 Best Management Practices: Chemical Control Start early with preventive programs for summer anthracnose (<< 71 F) Preventive applications or very early curative for cold weather basal rot Use DMI preventive applications early season Full rate Most active DMIs Banner > Eagle > Bayleton

44 Best Management Practices: Chemical Control Mid-season applications should focus on 14-day application intervals Chlorothalonil 73 lb ai/a restrictions save it for the summer Medallion 0.25 to 0.50 oz rate Endorse 4 oz rate

45 Best Management Practices: Chemical Control Signature tank mixes Signature adds extra insurance, but not effective used alone Mix with strong partners for best effect Biologicals Humabalance and Ecogard showed good promise Could be considered for soft or green chemisty