The Nature of Mind according to David M. Armstrong
|
|
|
- Archibald Hugo Jefferson
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Nature of Mind according to David M. Armstrong PHIL 100w (Introduction to Knowledge and Reality) Nicolas Fillion Dept. of Philosophy and Dept. of Applied Mathematics The University of Western Ontario Simon Fraser University 25 February 2013
2 Origins of the discussion What is the nature of the mind? mind
3 Origins of the discussion What is the nature of the mind? having a perception having sensations having purposes having beliefs mind having desires having thoughts
4 Origins of the discussion What is the nature of the mind? having a perception having sensations having purposes having beliefs mind having desires having thoughts So, the question what is mind? is associated with what is it to perceive? what is it to have emotions? etc.
5 Origins of the discussion Now, of course, sometimes popular culture blurs things... Apparently, mindless zombies can now fall in love!
6 Origins of the discussion Given these associations, what the nature of mind is has important consequences for epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, religion, science, etc.
7 Origins of the discussion Given these associations, what the nature of mind is has important consequences for epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, religion, science, etc. Take a human. What is it?
8 Origins of the discussion Given these associations, what the nature of mind is has important consequences for epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, religion, science, etc.? Take a human. What is it? Is it just a body, a mechanism?
9 Origins of the discussion Given these associations, what the nature of mind is has important consequences for epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, religion, science, etc.?? Take a human. What is it? Is it just a body, a mechanism? Is there something else, a different type of substance?
10 Origins of the discussion In 1770, an inventor presented the Mechanical Turk to the Empress of Austria: The mechanism appeared to be able to play a strong game of chess against a human opponent.
11 Origins of the discussion In 1770, an inventor presented the Mechanical Turk to the Empress of Austria: The mechanism appeared to be able to play a strong game of chess against a human opponent. But it was a hoax.
12 From Ryle to Armstrong There were many accusations, failures, hoaxes, etc., discrediting more naturalistic accounts of the mind. Those suggested that something more was needed to pull the strings in mind-related processes.
13 From Ryle to Armstrong There were many accusations, failures, hoaxes, etc., discrediting more naturalistic accounts of the mind. Those suggested that something more was needed to pull the strings in mind-related processes. Ryle s ( ) analysis came up against that;
14 From Ryle to Armstrong There were many accusations, failures, hoaxes, etc., discrediting more naturalistic accounts of the mind. Those suggested that something more was needed to pull the strings in mind-related processes. Ryle s ( ) analysis came up against that; he tried to naturalize our understanding of the mind by attacking the ghost in the machine view, and replace it by a behaviorist account.
15 From Ryle to Armstrong Today, we look at the contribution of the Australian philosopher D.M. Armstrong. Armstrong was born a generation after Ryle: Naturalizing the mind is less of a controversy by then; (1926 still alive)
16 From Ryle to Armstrong Today, we look at the contribution of the Australian philosopher D.M. Armstrong. Armstrong was born a generation after Ryle: Naturalizing the mind is less of a controversy by then; He also agrees with Ryle s materialist project, but not with its implementation. (1926 still alive)
17 From Ryle to Armstrong Today, we look at the contribution of the Australian philosopher D.M. Armstrong. Armstrong was born a generation after Ryle: Naturalizing the mind is less of a controversy by then; He also agrees with Ryle s materialist project, but not with its implementation. (1926 still alive) We examine the paper The Nature of Mind from his 1981 book The Nature of Mind and Other Essays.
18 From Ryle to Armstrong Ryle attacked non-naturalistic accounts by logical analysis: He sought to diagnose category mistakes that lead to hypostasize oversimplified concepts.
19 From Ryle to Armstrong Ryle attacked non-naturalistic accounts by logical analysis: He sought to diagnose category mistakes that lead to hypostasize oversimplified concepts. The mind is not a mysterious internal arena (e.g., Descartes spiritual substance).
20 From Ryle to Armstrong Ryle attacked non-naturalistic accounts by logical analysis: He sought to diagnose category mistakes that lead to hypostasize oversimplified concepts. The mind is not a mysterious internal arena (e.g., Descartes spiritual substance). The mind is not something behind the behaviour of the body, it is simply part of the physical behaviour.
21 From Ryle to Armstrong Ryle attacked non-naturalistic accounts by logical analysis: He sought to diagnose category mistakes that lead to hypostasize oversimplified concepts. The mind is not a mysterious internal arena (e.g., Descartes spiritual substance). The mind is not something behind the behaviour of the body, it is simply part of the physical behaviour. Armstrong approaches physicalism from another direction; for him, it is not forced by logical analysis.
22 Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism Modern sciences contribute new clues on mental processes:
23 Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism Modern sciences contribute new clues on mental processes: Biology: evolution from simple unicellular organisms
24 Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism Modern sciences contribute new clues on mental processes: Biology: evolution from simple unicellular organisms Molecular biology & genetics: physical & chemical basis of life
25 Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism Modern sciences contribute new clues on mental processes: Biology: evolution from simple unicellular organisms Molecular biology & genetics: physical & chemical basis of life Neurophysiology: electro-chemical account of brain functions
26 Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism Modern sciences contribute new clues on mental processes: Biology: evolution from simple unicellular organisms Molecular biology & genetics: physical & chemical basis of life Neurophysiology: electro-chemical account of brain functions Endocrinology: hormonal effects on moods and behaviour
27 Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism [... ] the moral is clear. We must try to work out an account of the nature of mind which is compatible with the view that man is nothing but a physico-chemical mechanism.
28 Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism [... ] the moral is clear. We must try to work out an account of the nature of mind which is compatible with the view that man is nothing but a physico-chemical mechanism. But why scientism? Why concede authority to science about the nature of humans, and the nature of mind in particular?
29 Introductory Remarks Physicalism Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism Are not science, Behaviorism & Dispositions Toward a New Conception
30 Introductory Remarks Physicalism Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism Are not science, philosophy, Behaviorism & Dispositions Toward a New Conception
31 Introductory Remarks Physicalism Behaviorism & Dispositions Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism Are not science, philosophy, religion, Toward a New Conception
32 Introductory Remarks Physicalism Behaviorism & Dispositions Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism Are not science, philosophy, religion, morality, Toward a New Conception
33 Introductory Remarks Physicalism Behaviorism & Dispositions Toward a New Conception Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism Are not science, philosophy, religion, morality, literature,
34 Introductory Remarks Physicalism Behaviorism & Dispositions Toward a New Conception Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism Are not science, philosophy, religion, morality, literature, art, etc, all to be equally considered?
35 Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism For Armstrong, all the latter fail to lead to consensus; it s constant bickering.
36 Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism For Armstrong, all the latter fail to lead to consensus; it s constant bickering. Because science alone can lead to consensus, it must be preferred: Science has provided us with a method of deciding disputed questions.
37 Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism For Armstrong, all the latter fail to lead to consensus; it s constant bickering. Because science alone can lead to consensus, it must be preferred: Science has provided us with a method of deciding disputed questions. True, it is surely fallible, but there s nothing better.
38 Armstrong s argument for Physicalism/Materialism For Armstrong, all the latter fail to lead to consensus; it s constant bickering. Because science alone can lead to consensus, it must be preferred: Science has provided us with a method of deciding disputed questions. True, it is surely fallible, but there s nothing better. Q: can it decide the right kind of question for our issue?
39 The main problem of behaviorism Ryle achieved Physicalism through Behaviorism. Remember: The mind is not an inward arena, it is an outward act. This view fits very well with a physicalist conception of humans.
40 The main problem of behaviorism Ryle achieved Physicalism through Behaviorism. Remember: The mind is not an inward arena, it is an outward act. This view fits very well with a physicalist conception of humans. If mental processes are identical to their expressions, then there is no tension with a physicalist approach.
41 The main problem of behaviorism But there is a big objection against simple Behaviourism: [... ] it is our common experience that there can be mental processes going on although there is no behaviour occurring that could possibly be treated as expressions of these processes.
42 The main problem of behaviorism But there is a big objection against simple Behaviourism: [... ] it is our common experience that there can be mental processes going on although there is no behaviour occurring that could possibly be treated as expressions of these processes. A man can be angry but give no bodily sign; he may think, but say or do nothing at all.
43 The main problem of behaviorism But there is a big objection against simple Behaviourism: [... ] it is our common experience that there can be mental processes going on although there is no behaviour occurring that could possibly be treated as expressions of these processes. A man can be angry but give no bodily sign; he may think, but say or do nothing at all.
44 Introducing dispositions To counter this objection, Ryle introduced the concept of disposition.
45 Introducing dispositions To counter this objection, Ryle introduced the concept of disposition. Instead of identifying mental processes with actual behaviour, he identifies them with dispositions to behave.
46 Introducing dispositions To counter this objection, Ryle introduced the concept of disposition. Instead of identifying mental processes with actual behaviour, he identifies them with dispositions to behave. To possess a dispositional property is not to be in a particular state, or to undergo a particular change;
47 Introducing dispositions To counter this objection, Ryle introduced the concept of disposition. Instead of identifying mental processes with actual behaviour, he identifies them with dispositions to behave. To possess a dispositional property is not to be in a particular state, or to undergo a particular change; it is to be bound or liable to be in a particular state, or to undergo a particular change, when particular condition is realised.
48 Introducing dispositions Example of a disposition: Brittleness Brittleness is a disposition, a disposition possessed by materials like glass. Brittle materials are those which, when subjected to relatively small forces, break or shatter easily. But breaking and shattering easily is not brittleness, rather it is the manifestation of brittleness.
49 Introducing dispositions Example of a disposition: Brittleness Brittleness is a disposition, a disposition possessed by materials like glass. Brittle materials are those which, when subjected to relatively small forces, break or shatter easily. But breaking and shattering easily is not brittleness, rather it is the manifestation of brittleness. Other examples?
50 Introducing dispositions Example of a disposition: Brittleness Brittleness is a disposition, a disposition possessed by materials like glass. Brittle materials are those which, when subjected to relatively small forces, break or shatter easily. But breaking and shattering easily is not brittleness, rather it is the manifestation of brittleness. Other examples? flammable, poisonous
51 Introducing dispositions Example of a disposition: Brittleness Brittleness is a disposition, a disposition possessed by materials like glass. Brittle materials are those which, when subjected to relatively small forces, break or shatter easily. But breaking and shattering easily is not brittleness, rather it is the manifestation of brittleness. Other examples? flammable, poisonous We are still identifying states with outward acts: there is no mysterious internal arena unidentified with behaviour.
52 Introducing dispositions The following is key to understanding Armstrong s argument: For behaviourists, dispositions are not causes.
53 Introducing dispositions The following is key to understanding Armstrong s argument: For behaviourists, dispositions are not causes. To continue with the brittleness example: The brittleness is not to be conceived of as a cause for the breakage, or even, more vaguely, a factor in bringing about the breaking. Brittleness is just the fact that things of that sort break easily.
54 Introducing dispositions The following is key to understanding Armstrong s argument: For behaviourists, dispositions are not causes. To continue with the brittleness example: The brittleness is not to be conceived of as a cause for the breakage, or even, more vaguely, a factor in bringing about the breaking. Brittleness is just the fact that things of that sort break easily. Is this satisfactorily facing the challenge?
55 Amstrong s main objection Armstrong argues that Behaviourists did not do enough to deal with the objection.
56 Amstrong s main objection Armstrong argues that Behaviourists did not do enough to deal with the objection. When I think, but my thoughts do not issue in any action, it seems as obvious as anything is obvious that there is something actually going on in me which constitutes my thought.
57 Amstrong s main objection Armstrong argues that Behaviourists did not do enough to deal with the objection. When I think, but my thoughts do not issue in any action, it seems as obvious as anything is obvious that there is something actually going on in me which constitutes my thought. It is not simply that I would speak or act if some conditions that are unfulfilled were to be fulfilled.
58 Amstrong s main objection Armstrong argues that Behaviourists did not do enough to deal with the objection. When I think, but my thoughts do not issue in any action, it seems as obvious as anything is obvious that there is something actually going on in me which constitutes my thought. It is not simply that I would speak or act if some conditions that are unfulfilled were to be fulfilled. Something is currently going on, in the strongest and most literal sense of going on, and this something is my thought.
59 Amstrong s main objection Armstrong argues that Behaviourists did not do enough to deal with the objection. When I think, but my thoughts do not issue in any action, it seems as obvious as anything is obvious that there is something actually going on in me which constitutes my thought. It is not simply that I would speak or act if some conditions that are unfulfilled were to be fulfilled. Something is currently going on, in the strongest and most literal sense of going on, and this something is my thought. Rylean Behaviourism denies this, and so it is unsatisfactory as a theory of mind.
60 Armstrong s Amendment Armstrong grants that Behaviourists are right in thinking that our notion of a mind and of individual mental states is logically tied to behaviour.
61 Armstrong s Amendment Armstrong grants that Behaviourists are right in thinking that our notion of a mind and of individual mental states is logically tied to behaviour. But the relation is not one of identification. It is one of bringing about, of causing.
62 Armstrong s Amendment Armstrong grants that Behaviourists are right in thinking that our notion of a mind and of individual mental states is logically tied to behaviour. But the relation is not one of identification. It is one of bringing about, of causing. His positive view is as follows: Thought is not speech under suitable circumstances, rather it is something within the person which, in suitable circumstances brings about speech.
63 Armstrong s Amendment Armstrong grants that Behaviourists are right in thinking that our notion of a mind and of individual mental states is logically tied to behaviour. But the relation is not one of identification. It is one of bringing about, of causing. His positive view is as follows: Thought is not speech under suitable circumstances, rather it is something within the person which, in suitable circumstances brings about speech. Now, is this a friendly or devastating amendment?
64 Armstrong s Amendment He thinks that scientists don t treat dispositions as Ryle does. They don t rest satisfied with the brute fact that some materials have a disposition.
65 Armstrong s Amendment He thinks that scientists don t treat dispositions as Ryle does. They don t rest satisfied with the brute fact that some materials have a disposition. For example, they further investigate until they can identify brittleness with the state of the glass that is responsible for the disposition of the glass to break.
66 Armstrong s Amendment He thinks that scientists don t treat dispositions as Ryle does. They don t rest satisfied with the brute fact that some materials have a disposition. For example, they further investigate until they can identify brittleness with the state of the glass that is responsible for the disposition of the glass to break. We have discovered that the brittleness of glass is in fact a certain sort of pattern in the molecules of the glass.
67 Armstrong s Amendment He thinks that scientists don t treat dispositions as Ryle does. They don t rest satisfied with the brute fact that some materials have a disposition. For example, they further investigate until they can identify brittleness with the state of the glass that is responsible for the disposition of the glass to break. We have discovered that the brittleness of glass is in fact a certain sort of pattern in the molecules of the glass. Similarly, dispositions are to be identified with mental states.
68 Armstrong s Amendment However, conceptualized in this way, dispositions require talking about an internal arena of mental processes, and so they can t save Behaviourism.
69 Armstrong s Amendment However, conceptualized in this way, dispositions require talking about an internal arena of mental processes, and so they can t save Behaviourism. Then, [... ] it becomes a scientific question, and not a question of logical analysis, what in fact the intrinsic nature of that cause is. The cause might be, as Descartes thought it was, a spiritual substance working through the pineal gland to produce the complex bodily behaviour which men are capable.
70 Armstrong s Amendment Does it not undermine the hope of reaching a physicalist conception of mind?
71 Armstrong s Amendment Does it not undermine the hope of reaching a physicalist conception of mind? This view does not entail physicalism, but nonetheless supports it:
72 Armstrong s Amendment Does it not undermine the hope of reaching a physicalist conception of mind? This view does not entail physicalism, but nonetheless supports it: But in fact the verdict of modern science seems to be that the sole cause of mind-betokening behaviour in man and the higher animals is the physico-chemical workings of the central nervous system.
73 Armstrong s Amendment Does it not undermine the hope of reaching a physicalist conception of mind? This view does not entail physicalism, but nonetheless supports it: But in fact the verdict of modern science seems to be that the sole cause of mind-betokening behaviour in man and the higher animals is the physico-chemical workings of the central nervous system. So, based on science, we should identify mental states with physical states of the central nervous system, not with some other substance.
74 Summary So, let s summarize: 1 We shouldn t identify mental states and behaviour. The mind is, rather, that which stands behind and brings about our complex behaviour.
75 Summary So, let s summarize: 1 We shouldn t identify mental states and behaviour. The mind is, rather, that which stands behind and brings about our complex behaviour. 2 Dispositions, properly understood, are really state that bring about (or cause ) behaviour under specified circumstances.
76 Summary So, let s summarize: 1 We shouldn t identify mental states and behaviour. The mind is, rather, that which stands behind and brings about our complex behaviour. 2 Dispositions, properly understood, are really state that bring about (or cause ) behaviour under specified circumstances. 3 This view is compatible and indeed supports (but not in a purely logical way) physicalism. 4 The debate can be understood dialectically: Thesis (non-naturalistic account), antithesis (Ryle s Behaviourism), synthesis (Armstrong position).
77 Questions for discussion More discussion: A key point here is: what sort of thing can be shown by logical analysis, and what can be learned by scientific inquiry? What about consciousness? How does Armstrong approach this problem?
The Nature of Mind. David M. Armstrong. Morgan Osborn
The Nature of Mind David M. Armstrong Morgan Osborn The best clue we have to the nature of mind is through modern science. Why? Because it is only as a result of scientific investigation that we ever seem
1/9. Locke 1: Critique of Innate Ideas
1/9 Locke 1: Critique of Innate Ideas This week we are going to begin looking at a new area by turning our attention to the work of John Locke, who is probably the most famous English philosopher of all
How does the problem of relativity relate to Thomas Kuhn s concept of paradigm?
How does the problem of relativity relate to Thomas Kuhn s concept of paradigm? Eli Bjørhusdal After having published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962, Kuhn was much criticised for the use
Reality in the Eyes of Descartes and Berkeley. By: Nada Shokry 5/21/2013 AUC - Philosophy
Reality in the Eyes of Descartes and Berkeley By: Nada Shokry 5/21/2013 AUC - Philosophy Shokry, 2 One person's craziness is another person's reality. Tim Burton This quote best describes what one finds
A person relates to the world through many different physical and mental
1 A person relates to the world through many different physical and mental experiences. Physical experiences are bodily activities such as breathing, digesting, walking, and eating. Mental experiences
Mind & Body Cartesian Dualism
Blutner/Philosophy of Mind/Mind & Body/Cartesian dualism 1 Mind & Body Cartesian Dualism The great philosophical distinction between mind and body can be traced to the Greeks René Descartes (1596-1650),
Skepticism about the external world & the problem of other minds
Skepticism about the external world & the problem of other minds So far in this course we have, broadly speaking, discussed two different sorts of issues: issues connected with the nature of persons (a
P R I M A R Y A N D S E C O N D A R Y Q U A L I T I E S
P R I M A R Y A N D S E C O N D A R Y Q U A L I T I E S W E E K 1 1. Overview Week 1: Introduction to the Primary/Secondary Quality Distinction. Week 2: Dispositionalist Views of Colour Week 3: Colour
Methodological Issues for Interdisciplinary Research
J. T. M. Miller, Department of Philosophy, University of Durham 1 Methodological Issues for Interdisciplinary Research Much of the apparent difficulty of interdisciplinary research stems from the nature
AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES
An Introduction to Sociological Theories 1 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES Introduction Humans are social beings. Whether we like it or not, nearly everything we do in our lives takes place
Free Will. Freedom: To possess freedom of choice is to possess the ability to do otherwise.
Free Will Freedom: To possess freedom of choice is to possess the ability to do otherwise. Furthermore, if one is NOT able to do otherwise (i.e., if one is not free), then one is not responsible for their
Writing Thesis Defense Papers
Writing Thesis Defense Papers The point of these papers is for you to explain and defend a thesis of your own critically analyzing the reasoning offered in support of a claim made by one of the philosophers
The Slate Is Not Empty: Descartes and Locke on Innate Ideas
The Slate Is Not Empty: Descartes and Locke on Innate Ideas René Descartes and John Locke, two of the principal philosophers who shaped modern philosophy, disagree on several topics; one of them concerns
Positive Philosophy by August Comte
Positive Philosophy by August Comte August Comte, Thoemmes About the author.... August Comte (1798-1857), a founder of sociology, believes aspects of our world can be known solely through observation and
Locke s psychological theory of personal identity
Locke s psychological theory of personal identity phil 20208 Jeff Speaks October 3, 2006 1 Identity, diversity, and kinds............................. 1 2 Personal identity...................................
Plato gives another argument for this claiming, relating to the nature of knowledge, which we will return to in the next section.
Michael Lacewing Plato s theor y of Forms FROM SENSE EXPERIENCE TO THE FORMS In Book V (476f.) of The Republic, Plato argues that all objects we experience through our senses are particular things. We
Contents. Preface 7. Contents
Contents Contents Preface 7 Part One: Twelve Steps 9 Step One 10 Step Two 15 Step Three 19 Step Four 25 Step Five 31 Step Six 35 Step Seven 39 Step Eight 43 Step Nine 47 Step Ten 52 Step Eleven 56 Step
Kant s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals
Kant s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals G. J. Mattey Winter, 2015/ Philosophy 1 The Division of Philosophical Labor Kant generally endorses the ancient Greek division of philosophy into
Divine command theory
Today we will be discussing divine command theory. But first I will give a (very) brief overview of the semester, and the discipline of philosophy. Why do this? One of the functions of an introductory
ANOTHER GENERATION OF GENERAL EDUCATION
ANOTHER GENERATION OF GENERAL EDUCATION Peter K. Bol Charles H. Carswell Professor of East Asian Languages and Civilizations I was asked to set forth some personal reflections rather than to summarize
Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, Enlightenment
The Way of Martial Arts MONTHLY INTERACTIVE LESSONS TO HELP IMPROVE YOUR DAILY LIFE B Y M A S T E R E R I C S B A R G E Lesson 39 Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, Enlightenment As you know, all of the
Background Biology and Biochemistry Notes A
Background Biology and Biochemistry Notes A Vocabulary dependent variable evidence experiment hypothesis independent variable model observation prediction science scientific investigation scientific law
Psychology has been considered to have an autonomy from the other sciences (especially
THE AUTONOMY OF PSYCHOLOGY Tim Crane, University College London Psychology has been considered to have an autonomy from the other sciences (especially physical science) in at least two ways: in its subject-matter
Student Performance Q&A:
Student Performance Q&A: 2011 AP English Language and Composition Free-Response Questions The following comments on the 2011 free-response questions for AP English Language and Composition were written
HOW TO WRITE A CRITICAL ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY. John Hubert School of Health Sciences Dalhousie University
HOW TO WRITE A CRITICAL ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY John Hubert School of Health Sciences Dalhousie University This handout is a compilation of material from a wide variety of sources on the topic of writing a
Is Knowledge Perception? An Examination of Plato's Theaetetus 151d-186e. Richard G. Howe, Ph.D. Introduction
1 Richard G. Howe, Ph.D. Introduction In this paper I want to examine the discussion between Socrates and Theaetetus concerning Protagoras' proposal that knowledge is perception. To this end, I will summarize
Boonin on the Future-Like-Ours Argument against Abortion. Pedro Galvão Centro de Filosofia da Universidade de Lisboa
Boonin on the Future-Like-Ours Argument against Abortion Pedro Galvão Centro de Filosofia da Universidade de Lisboa David Boonin s recent book 1 is an impressively deep and detailed attempt to establish
Critical Analysis So what does that REALLY mean?
Critical Analysis So what does that REALLY mean? 1 The words critically analyse can cause panic in students when they first turn over their examination paper or are handed their assignment questions. Why?
7 Bachelor s degree programme in the Philosophy of a Specific Scientific Discipline
7 Bachelor s degree programme in the Philosophy of a Specific Scientific Discipline 7.1 General introduction to degree programmes in the Philosophy of a Specific Scientific Discipline This chapter contains
Lecture 2: GLOBAL ISSUES OF BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Sept 29th, 2015 Lecture Outline
Lecture 2: GLOBAL ISSUES OF BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Sept 29th, 2015 Lecture Outline 1) More about the Mind/Brain Problem Monism vs. Dualism, Results of Survey 2) Different Levels of Psychology Social, Cognitive,
WRITING A CRITICAL ARTICLE REVIEW
WRITING A CRITICAL ARTICLE REVIEW A critical article review briefly describes the content of an article and, more importantly, provides an in-depth analysis and evaluation of its ideas and purpose. The
AQA PHILOSOPHY SYLLABUS: USEFUL WEB LINKS
AQA PHILOSOPHY SYLLABUS: USEFUL WEB LINKS These web links could be used by you as teachers to help deepen your knowledge of the various topics on the A level syllabus. Many of them are too detailed to
Justice and Ethics. Jimmy Rising. October 18, 2002
Justice and Ethics Jimmy Rising October 18, 2002 1 Introduction Utilitarianism is an ethical system. John Stuart Mill s use of Utilitarianism to determine what is just and what is injustice may seem natural,
CHAPTER 1 Understanding Ethics
CHAPTER 1 Understanding Ethics Chapter Summary This chapter begins by defining ethics and how people decipher between right and wrong or good and bad behavior. It explores how people live their lives according
One natural response would be to cite evidence of past mornings, and give something like the following argument:
Hume on induction Suppose you were asked to give your reasons for believing that the sun will come up tomorrow, in the form of an argument for the claim that the sun will come up tomorrow. One natural
Primary and Secondary Qualities Charles Kaijo
Primary and Secondary Qualities Charles Kaijo From examining John Locke s distinction between primary and secondary qualities in an object and Bishop George Berkeley s refutation to Locke s argument, it
GCE Religious Studies Explanation of Terms Unit 1D: Religion, Philosophy and Science
hij Teacher Resource Bank GCE Religious Studies Explanation of s Unit 1D: Religion, Philosophy and Science The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered
Reading Questions for Phil 412.200, Spring 2012 (Daniel)
Reading Questions for Phil 412.200, Spring 2012 (Daniel) Questions on Descartes Meditations I & II (Jan. 19) 1. For Descartes, why can t knowledge gained through sense experience be trusted as the basis
WEALTH. The Great Secret of the Ages
WEALTH The Great Secret of the Ages You can have anything you want: wealth, a loving relationship, radiant health, true happiness, a life of ease, anything your heart desires, once you know the Great Secret
The Meta-Problem of Change
NOÛS 43:2 (2009) 286 314 The Meta-Problem of Change THOMAS HOFWEBER University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1. Introduction One of the central problems in metaphysics over the last so many centuries
Explain and critically assess the Singer Solution to Global Poverty
1 Explain and critically assess the Singer Solution to Global Poverty Introduction In this essay, I will summarise Singer's solution to world poverty, and then consider some of the objections that may
The Refutation of Relativism
The Refutation of Relativism There are many different versions of relativism: ethical relativism conceptual relativism, and epistemic relativism are three. In this paper, I will be concerned with only
Professional Ethics PHIL 3340. Today s Topic Absolute Moral Rules & Kantian Ethics. Part I
Professional Ethics PHIL 3340 Today s Topic Absolute Moral Rules & Kantian Ethics Part I Consequentialism vs. Deontology Consequentialism: A type of ethical theory stating that to act morally we must base
COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE
COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE GOVOREANU Alexandru MORA Andreea ŞERBAN Anca Abstract: There are many challenges to face in this century. It s an era of information. Those who have the best information are going
Grade 12 Psychology (40S) Outcomes Unedited Draft 1
Grade 12 Psychology (40S) Outcomes Unedited Draft 1 Theme 1: Introduction and Research Methods Topic 1: Introduction 1.1.1 Define psychology, and list and explain its goals. 1.1.2 Describe and compare
FOR THE RADICAL BEHAVIORIST BIOLOGICAL EVENTS ARE
Behavior and Philosophy, 31, 145-150 (2003). 2003 Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies FOR THE RADICAL BEHAVIORIST BIOLOGICAL EVENTS ARE NOT BIOLOGICAL AND PUBLIC EVENTS ARE NOT PUBLIC Dermot Barnes-Holmes
Acts 11 : 1-18 Sermon
Acts 11 : 1-18 Sermon Imagine a church being riven apart by different personalities leading different groups each trying to pull it in different directions. Imagine a church whose future is threatened
Biological kinds and the causal theory of reference
Biological kinds and the causal theory of reference Ingo Brigandt Department of History and Philosophy of Science 1017 Cathedral of Learning University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 E-mail: inb1@pitt.edu
Remodelling the Big Bang
Remodelling the Big Bang Dewey B. Larson Unquestionably, the most significant development that has taken place in cosmology in recent years is the replacement of the original Big Bang theory by a totally
Program Level Learning Outcomes for the Department of Philosophy Page 1
Page 1 PHILOSOPHY General Major I. Depth and Breadth of Knowledge. A. Will be able to recall what a worldview is and recognize that we all possess one. B. Should recognize that philosophy is most broadly
Killing And Letting Die
[This essay originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2nd edition, ed. Lawrence Becker and Charlotte Becker (New York: Routledge, 2001), vol. 2, pp. 947-50.] Killing And Letting Die Is it worse
CRITICAL THINKING REASONS FOR BELIEF AND DOUBT (VAUGHN CH. 4)
CRITICAL THINKING REASONS FOR BELIEF AND DOUBT (VAUGHN CH. 4) LECTURE PROFESSOR JULIE YOO Claims Without Arguments When Claims Conflict Conflicting Claims Conflict With Your Background Information Experts
9. Intentionalism. Recap: The Sensa-Datum Theory Intentionalism The Belief Theory of Perception
9. Intentionalism Recap: The Sensa-Datum Theory Intentionalism The Belief Theory of Perception Sense-Datum Theory Physical Object Sensation of sensedatum Sense- Datum Belief About Physical Object Physical
The Transpersonal (Spiritual) Journey Towards Leadership Excellence Using 8ICOL
The Transpersonal (Spiritual) Journey Towards Leadership Excellence Using 8ICOL Travelling from Ego Based Leadership to Transpersonal Leadership where the focus is beyond the ego to the needs of ALL the
Parveen Babi on UG perfect human-being
Parveen Babi on UG I must state a few facts about UG Krishnamurti here, because it is impossible to understand my case without knowing a little bit about UG and the facts of his enlightenment. The only
The basic principle is that one should not think of the properties of the process by means of the properties of the product
Bergson Class Notes 1/30/08 Time and Free Will (Chapter 2) Reiterations The basic principle is that one should not think of the properties of the process by means of the properties of the product In general:
Emile Durkheim: Suicide as Social Fact Leslie-Ann Bolden, Michela Bowman, Sarah Kaufman & Danielle Lindemann
Emile Durkheim: Suicide as Social Fact Leslie-Ann Bolden, Michela Bowman, Sarah Kaufman & Danielle Lindemann In The Rules of the Sociological Method (1895), Durkheim examines a category of human facts
Dr. Bill E. Lawson, Scholar/Philosopher. My general sense of Booker T. Washington is that he was committed to the
Reflections on Booker T. Washington in Uncle Tom or New Negro?_African Americans Reflect on Booker T. Washington and UP FROM SLAVERY 100 Years Later, editor Rebecca Carroll, Harlem Moon, 2006 Dr. Bill
ANALYZING SHORT STORIES/NOVELS
ANALYZING SHORT STORIES/NOVELS When analyzing fiction, you should consider the plot, setting, characters, point of view, imagery, symbolism, tone, irony, and the theme. PLOT Plot refers to what happens
Science and Religion
1 Science and Religion Scripture: Colossians 1:15-20 By Pastor John H. Noordhof Williamsburg Christian Reformed Church October 21, 2012 Morning Service People of God: Today we will deal with the troubling
Kant s deontological ethics
Michael Lacewing Kant s deontological ethics DEONTOLOGY Deontologists believe that morality is a matter of duty. We have moral duties to do things which it is right to do and moral duties not to do things
Understanding The Gift Of Dream Interpretation
www.breadandwineministries.org Understanding The Gift Of Dream Interpretation What is the gift of dream interpretation? Can someone scholastically learn it? How do you receive the gift? The gift of dream
LCS 11: Cognitive Science Chinese room argument
Agenda Pomona College LCS 11: Cognitive Science argument Jesse A. Harris February 25, 2013 Turing test review Searle s argument GQ 2.3 group discussion Selection of responses What makes brains special?
Key Words Immortality: endless life or existence; life after death
Key Words Immortality: endless life or existence; life after death Legacy: something handed down from an ancestor; a way of being remembered after death Resurrection: rising from the dead or returning
Anger Management Course Workbook. 5. Challenging Angry Thoughts and Beliefs
Anger Management Course Workbook 5. Challenging Angry Thoughts and Beliefs Stop-Think-Act In earlier classes, we have introduced the concept of stopping and thinking before acting when we feel angry. In
Cosmological Arguments for the Existence of God S. Clarke
Cosmological Arguments for the Existence of God S. Clarke [Modified Fall 2009] 1. Large class of arguments. Sometimes they get very complex, as in Clarke s argument, but the basic idea is simple. Lets
August Comte 1798-1857
August Comte 1798-1857 A Science of Society Comte s goal was to Explain the past Predict the future Social Physics He first named the new science social physics. He later changed this to sociology. The
Online Study Guide For personal or group study
Online Study Guide For personal or group study Chapter One Understanding Today s Teenagers 1. Recall the mental and physical challenges you faced as a teen. From your experience, what assurances or relevant
Interview with David Bouthiette [at AMHI 3 times] September 4, 2003. Interviewer: Karen Evans
![Interview with David Bouthiette [at AMHI 3 times] September 4, 2003. Interviewer: Karen Evans](/thumbs/39/20139896.jpg "Interview with David Bouthiette [at AMHI 3 times] September 4, 2003. Interviewer: Karen Evans")
Interview with David Bouthiette [at AMHI 3 times] September 4, 2003 Interviewer: Karen Evans KE: What we are going to talk about first are your experiences while you were at AMHI, and then we will go on
4 Possessive/Jealous. Men in Relationships
4 Possessive/Jealous Men in Relationships A possessive/jealous man will: Tell you how to dress; Be overly concerned about where you are going when socializing; Insist on escorting you to mundane places;
Metaphysics and the Question of Being
Metaphysics and the Question of Being 1. Introduction The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between Heidegger s account of metaphysics and the central topic of his work, the question of
Conceiving What Is Not There
Andrew Botterell Conceiving What Is Not There Abstract: In this paper I argue that certain so-called conceivability arguments fail to show that a currently popular version of physicalism in the philosophy
How should we think about the testimony of others? Is it reducible to other kinds of evidence?
Subject: Title: Word count: Epistemology How should we think about the testimony of others? Is it reducible to other kinds of evidence? 2,707 1 How should we think about the testimony of others? Is it
Hume on identity over time and persons
Hume on identity over time and persons phil 20208 Jeff Speaks October 3, 2006 1 Why we have no idea of the self........................... 1 2 Change and identity................................. 2 3 Hume
Modern Science vs. Ancient Philosophy. Daniel Gilbert s theory of happiness as presented in his book, Stumbling on Happiness,
Laura Katharine Norwood Freshman Seminar Dr. Golden 10/21/10 Modern Science vs. Ancient Philosophy Daniel Gilbert s theory of happiness as presented in his book, Stumbling on Happiness, has many similarities
Coaching the team at Work
Coaching the team at Work Introduction While a great deal has been written about coaching individuals, there has been relatively little investigation of coaching teams at work. Yet in discussions with
Computation Beyond Turing Machines
Computation Beyond Turing Machines Peter Wegner, Brown University Dina Goldin, U. of Connecticut 1. Turing s legacy Alan Turing was a brilliant mathematician who showed that computers could not completely
Unifying Epistemologies by Combining World, Description and Observer
Unifying Epistemologies by Combining World, Description and Observer Stuart Umpleby Research Program in Social and Organizational Learning The George Washington University Washington, DC Umpleby@gwu.edu
History/Approaches. 1. A cognitive psychologist would likely be most interested in
History/Approaches 1. A cognitive psychologist would likely be most interested in (A). concentration of neutral transmitters in the spinal cord (B). unconditional positive regard in the therapeutic setting
Phil 420: Metaphysics Spring 2008. [Handout 4] Hilary Putnam: Why There Isn t A Ready-Made World
![Phil 420: Metaphysics Spring 2008. [Handout 4] Hilary Putnam: Why There Isn t A Ready-Made World](/thumbs/24/2354653.jpg "Phil 420: Metaphysics Spring 2008. [Handout 4] Hilary Putnam: Why There Isn t A Ready-Made World")
1 Putnam s Main Theses: 1. There is no ready-made world. Phil 420: Metaphysics Spring 2008 [Handout 4] Hilary Putnam: Why There Isn t A Ready-Made World * [A ready-made world]: The world itself has to
Specific learning outcomes (Course: Introduction to experimental research)
IB Psychology: course 1 (i3psh1, i3pss1) Standard and higher level: Introduction to experimental research The first course focuses on setting the ground for studying IB psychology; we will begin by looking
Reading Questions THE STRANGER PART ONE
I Reading Questions THE STRANGER PART ONE 1. What meaning can be drawn from the novel s opening line: Mother died today. Or, maybe, yesterday; I can t be sure. What are his feelings toward his mother?
CONCEPTUAL CONTINGENCY AND ABSTRACT EXISTENCE
87 CONCEPTUAL CONTINGENCY AND ABSTRACT EXISTENCE BY MARK COLYVAN Mathematical statements such as There are infinitely many prime numbers and 2 ℵ 0 > ℵ 0 are usually thought to be necessarily true. Not
Stop Being Lost In Translation
ESSAI Volume 2 Article 24 Spring 2004 Stop Being Lost In Translation Aaron Olson College of DuPage Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.cod.edu/essai Recommended Citation Olson, Aaron (2004)
Bad Arguments Against Religion
Bad Arguments Against Religion It is axiomatic that otherwise intelligent people doctors, lawyers, professors, academics of all stripes make fundamental mistakes in thinking when it comes to spiritual
Chapter 1. Hatha-yoga philosophy and practice. Para-religious aspects of hatha-yoga
Krzysztof T. Konecki Lodz University Is our body the temple of the soul? Contemporary yoga practice as a psycho-sociological phenomenon (#$%&'()#*+,-+.$/01234"356+,')78$9&-.:;)
Honours programme in Philosophy
Honours programme in Philosophy Honours Programme in Philosophy The Honours Programme in Philosophy offers students a broad and in-depth introduction to the main areas of Western philosophy and the philosophy
Philosophical argument
Michael Lacewing Philosophical argument At the heart of philosophy is philosophical argument. Arguments are different from assertions. Assertions are simply stated; arguments always involve giving reasons.
Course Catalog - Spring 2015
Course Catalog - Spring 2015 Philosophy Philosophy Chair of Department: Kirk Sanders Department Office: 105 Gregory Hall, 810 South Wright, Urbana Phone: 333-2889 www.philosophy.illinois.edu Note: Students
Learning and Teaching
B E S T PRACTICES NEA RESEARCH BRIEF Learning and Teaching July 2006 This brief outlines nine leading research-based concepts that have served as a foundation for education reform. It compares existing
GOD S BIG STORY Week 1: Creation God Saw That It Was Good 1. LEADER PREPARATION
This includes: 1. Leader Preparation 2. Lesson Guide GOD S BIG STORY Week 1: Creation God Saw That It Was Good 1. LEADER PREPARATION LESSON OVERVIEW Exploring the first two chapters of Genesis provides
What is knowledge? An exploration of the Justified True Belief model and the challenges introduced by Edmond Gettier.
What is knowledge? An exploration of the Justified True Belief model and the challenges introduced by Edmond Gettier. The study of knowledge, or Epistemology as coined by the Scottish philosopher James
General Philosophy. Dr Peter Millican, Hertford College. Lecture 3: Induction
General Philosophy Dr Peter Millican, Hertford College Lecture 3: Induction Hume s s Fork 2 Enquiry IV starts with a vital distinction between types of proposition: Relations of ideas can be known a priori
Jean Piaget: A Cognitive Account of Development
Jean Piaget: A Cognitive Account of Development My central aim has always been the search for the mechanisms of biological adaptation and the analysis and epistemological interpretation of that higher
They Say, I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing
They Say, I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein ENTERING THE CONVERSATION Many Americans assume that Others more complicated: On the one hand,. On the other
MANAGING DIFFICULT BEHAVIOUR
MANAGING DIFFICULT BEHAVIOUR All materials Lindsay Wright. This pack for sample purposes only and not for re-use. 1 WHAT IS CONFLICT Conflict can be defined as a difference in view between stakeholders;
FILMS AND BOOKS ADAPTATIONS
FILMS AND BOOKS Reading a book is very different to watching a film. The way that we understand both is also different. We firstly need to think of the ways in which films and books tell their stories.
INTELLECTUAL APPROACHES
Michael Lacewing Can social science explain away religion? The view of religion taken by social scientists has changed considerably over the last 150 years. (A helpful review of the first 100 years is
~SHARING MY PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE~
April 2012 ~SHARING MY PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE~ Dear Friends, It is a certainty that shared values encourage cooperative relationships. I don t know who first said this, but I certainly believe it to be true.