1. The function of an enzyme in a biochemical reaction is as a catalyst

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1 Intro Bio Midterm Study Guide Name: Key Date: Goal 1: Learner will develop abilities necessary to do and understand scientific inquiry Goal 1 addresses scientific investigation These objectives are an integral part of each of the other goals Students must be given the opportunity to design and conduct their own investigations in a safe laboratory The students should use questions and models to formulate the relationship identified in their investigations and then report and share those findings with others 101 Identify biological problems and questions that can be answered through scientific investigations 102 Design and conduct scientific investigations to answer biological questions 103 Formulate and revise scientific explanations and models of biological phenomena using logic and evidence to: Explain observations Make inferences and predictions Explain the relationship between evidence and explanation 1 A scientist plants two rows of corn for experimentation She puts fertilizer on row 1 but does not put fertilizer on row 2 Both rows receive the same amount of water and light intensity She checks the growth of the corn over the course of 5 months The control of the experiment is Corn without fertilizer 2 Convert: 5 L = 5000 ml 156mg = 0156 g 300m = 03 km Goal 2: Learner will develop an understanding of the physical, chemical and cellular basis of life 201 Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the following organic molecules: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids 1 2 ph represents a solution that is a stronger acid than a solution with a ph of 4 2 If a solution is neutral, it will have a ph value of 3 Cells and blood need buffers to minimize the changes in ph of the internal environment in order to maintain homeostasis 4 Pair the following biomolecules with its building block: A Carbohydrate: monosaccharide B Protein: amino acid C Lipid- fatty acids D Nucleic acid: nucleotide 5 Carbohydrates are made of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon 6 Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins 7 A positive brown paper test for lipids is when a spot forms on the paper after food has been placed on it Light will pass through the spot on the paper Foods like french fries would give the strongest positive test for lipids 8 Proteins is used for transport and repair in the body 9 DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids 10 Many aquatic birds secrete waxy organic substances that repel water The birds use these substances to coat their feathers An analysis of these substances would reveal that they are composed mostly of lipids 11 The primary function of carbohydrates is quick source of energy 204 Investigate and describe the structure and function of enzymes and explain their importance in biological systems 1 The function of an enzyme in a biochemical reaction is as a catalyst 2 The job of enzymes in the cell is to speed up chemical reactions 3 The label the structures (x, y and z) in the diagram of the enzyme-substrate complex: substrate products enzyme

2 4 This graph shows that ph affects the rate of the reaction activity of enzymes/ 5 According to the graph, both pepsin and trypsin will work at a ph between 4 and Investigate and describe the structure and function of cells including: Cell organelles Cell specialization Communication among cells within an organism nucleus golgi apparatus 1 Label the following structures in the cell above: Nucleus Chloroplast Mitochondria Vacuole Golgi apparatus chloroplast vacuole mitochondria 2 Matching: a Nucleus: a controls most functions of the cell d make ATP e b Chloroplast: Mitochondria: Vacuole Golgi apparatus b changes, sorts, and packages proteins for use inside of outside the cell c makes proteins d captures sunlight energy and converts it into sugars during photosynthesis e storage of materials such as water 3 A cell with numerous ribosomes is probably specialized for protein synthesis 4 Prokaryotic organisms are different from eukaryotes because they do not have membrane-bound - organelles 5 A student wrote this description of a cell after looking at it under a microscope The student most likely describing a plant cell 6 Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast 7 The cell theory states that: a All cells come from pre-existing cells b Cells are the basic units of structure and function c All living things are composed of cells 8 Lysosome is responsible for digesting old organelles and removing waste using enzymes

3 9 The main difference between a plant cell and a bacteria cell is that plant cells have a nucleus and bacteria cells do not 10 A cell has a nucleus, lysosomes, and many small vacuoles It is a animal cell 11 Mitochondria are important to eukaryotic cells because they make energy in the form of ATP 12 Cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell in order to maintain homeostasis 13 Cells contains DNA as the genetic material in a nucleus include: animal, plant, and bacteria cells 14 Rough endoplasmic reticulum is attached to ribosomes in order to assist in protein transport 203 Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including: Maintenance of homeostasis Movement of materials into and out of cells Energy use and release in biochemical reactions 1 The diffusion of water is called osmosis 2 Active transport is different from passive transport because it uses energy 3 The diagram below represents the fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane Label : Lipid Protein 4 The cell membrane controls what comes in and out of the cell, which allows the cell to maintain a balance of salts and fluids Keeping chemical balance is important in maintaining homeostasis 5 A student was studying the responses of cells to solutions of varying salt concentrations Label the diagram with the salt concentration that would produce no change in the cell size 1 1 % % 6 If a membrane is selectively permeable, then some materials get through, some do not 205 Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions: Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Photosynthesis 1 The following chemical equation represents photosynthesis Light + carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen 2 Photosynthesis occurs in the (organelle) 3 Photosynthesis occurs in the leaves of plants and uses the pigment chlorophyll to absorb sunlight 4 Mitochondria are important to eukaryotic cells because they make ATP through cell respiration 5 An individual running a marathon may experience periods of oxygen-deprivation (not enough oxygen in the cells) that can lead to anaerobic respiration in muscle cells, forming lactic acid 6 The process of aerobic respiration is most efficient and effective in terms of the amount of ATP produced by the cell 7 The reactants of cellular respiration are oxygen and glucose 8 Cells store energy by converting ADP to ATP

4 9 Photosynthesis is important for almost all life on Earth because it produces oxygen 10 When ATP is produced without oxygen, anaerobic respiration is taking place 11 Name the following molecules, then Circle which one of these molecules has more energy Adenosine P P P ATP Adenosine P P ADP P 12 Light, carbon dioxide and water are necessary for photosynthesis to occur 13 The job of ATP in cells is to provide power for cell functions 14 ATP found plant and animal cells cells Goal 3: Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of organisms over time 302 Compare and contrast the characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction 1 What are the four stages of mitosis in order? prophase metaphase anaphase telophase 2 The type of cell division in which parent cells produce daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells is called mitosis 3 Before a cell goes through either mitosis or meiosis, replication must be carried out by the DNA in the nucleus 4 The event in which the chromosomes fail to separate properly, and one gamete ends up with both chromosomes and one gamete ends up with none is called nondisjunction 5 The stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell is called 6 The difference between plant and animal cytokinesis is that plant cells use a cell plate 7 Name the phase of mitosis is pictured: anaphase metaphase 8 Humans have 46 chromosomes So they have 23 chromosomes are in each of the gametes formed during meiosis 9 DNA replication occurs during S-phase phase of the cell cycle 10 The first stage of mitosis is called prophase 11 Draw the cell cycle in their correct sequence 12 During cytokinesis the cytoplasm divides to produce two cells 13 The uncontrolled growth of cells is called cancer 14 Two examples of asexual reproduction are budding and binary fission 15 Cells spend most of their time in interphase of the cell cycle 16 The structure which holds two sister chromatids together and is pictured is called the centromere

5 17-20 True or False If false, make true 17 Mitosis has 1 cell division and produces 2 cells true 18 Crossing over occurs during mitosis False, Crossing over occurs during meiosis 19 Mitosis cuts the chromosome number in half False, Meiosis cuts the chromosome number in half 20 Spindles are the fibers that attach and pull chromosomes apart true 301 Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA Replication Protein Synthesis (transcription and translation) Gene Regulation 1 Genetic information usually flows in one specific direction DNA RNA Protein 2 A protein is made up of amino acids 3 RNA contains uracil, but DNA does not 4 The result of translation is protein 5 The structure of RNA is a single strand of nucleotides, contains ribose 6 If a DNA sequence of nitrogen bases is ATTCGA, the complimentary strand of DNA is: TAAGCT 7 The two scientists credited with the discovery of the double helix as the structure of DNA are James Watson and Francis Crick 8 A gene is the segment of DNA that codes for a protein 10 A strand of mrna has a base sequence GUAAGAC The DNA strand coded for this mrna is : CATTCTG 11 Complete the function of the following: A DNA: contains the genetic codes in the nucleus B mrna: carries the genetic codes from the nucleus to the ribosomes C rrna-combines with proteins to make up ribosomes D trna- carries the amino acids to the ribosomes 12 Draw the correct shape of a DNA molecule: 13 Helicase is the main enzyme involved in unwinding the DNA double helix 14 If a DNA sequence of nitrogen bases is TCGGAT, the complimentary strand of RNA is: UGCCUA 15 If an mrna sequence of nitrogen bases is AAUCCG, it transcribed from a DNA strand that read: TTAGGC 16 Genetic information is copied from the DNA onto an RNA molecule during transcription 17 According to this table, a codon UGC is the code for Cystine 18 According to this table, a codon CAU is the code for Histidine 19 According to the table, the DNA nucleotides TAG code for Isoleucine 20 According to the table, the DNA nucleotides CGA code for Alanine 21 According to the table, AUG RNA codons codes for the amino acid Methionine

6 9 Draw the process of translation below Be sure to label mrna, ribosome, trna, amino acid, and protein 303 Interpret and predict patterns of inheritance Dominant, recessive and intermediate traits Test cross Punnett squares 1 The father of genetics is Gregor Mendel 2 Pea plants were used in early experiments because they: easy to grow, mature quickly, and produce a lot of offspring 3 Different forms of a gene are known as alleles 4 The allele that is always expressed is called the dominant trait 5 Tall (T) is completely dominant to short (t) If two heterozygous plants are crossed, 25 % of the offspring will short Show your work 6 In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue eyes (b) A person who is heterozygous for this trait has a genotype of Bb and a phenotype of brown eyes 7 Jamie has a small nose, which is a recessive trait in humans Her parents both have large noses The conclusion that can be drawn from the information above is Jamie s parents are both heterozygous for the dominant trait 8 If Jamie s husband also has a small nose, the chance that their child will have a large nose is 0 % 9 The genetic makeup of an organism is its genotype 10 In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant If a black guinea pig is crossed with a white (b) guinea pig and the litter contains a white offspring, what does the genotype of the blackhaired parent probably contain one allele(s) for black fur and one allele(s) for white fur 11 Two parents with brown eyes (B) have some children with brown eyes and some with blue eyes (b) The genotypes of the parents are probably Bb and Bb 12 In genetic research, the purpose of a test cross is to determine the geneotype of an unknown dominant parent 13 A couple has five children, all with blood type A The mother s blood type is O, and the father s blood type is A Based on this information, genotype of the father is most likely homozygous ( A A ) 14 Some flowers show incomplete dominance If RR = red, Rr = pink, rr = white, the phenotypic ratio that would be expected in the offspring of two pink flowers is 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white 15 The physical characteristics of an organism are the phenotype Now, STUDY THIS GUIDE!!! Write down any questions you still have or objectives you are still having trouble with below: Come for tutoring to get these issues resolved before the midterm Good luck!