LEARNING OBJECTIVES. 2.1 Derivation by Recursion: F/P factor. 2.1 Basic Derivations: F/P factor. 2.1 P/F factor discounting back in time
|
|
- Virginia Hubbard
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Developed By: Dr. Do Smith, P.E. Departmet of Idustrial Egieerig Texas A&M Uiversity College Statio, Texas Executive Summary Versio Chapter 2 Factors: How Time ad Iterest Affect Moey. F/P ad P/F factors 2. P/A ad A/P factors 3. Iterpolate for factor values 4. P/G ad A/G factors 5. Geometric gradiet 6. Calculate i 7. Calculate 8. Spreadsheets 9//200 9// Basic Derivatios: F/P factor F/P Factor To fid F give P P 0 To Fid F give P. Compoud forward i time F 2. Derivatio by Recursio: F/P factor F = P(+i) F 2 = F (+i)..but: F 2 = P(+i)(+i) = P(+i) 2 F 3 =F 2 (+i) =P(+i) 2 (+i) = P(+i) 3 I geeral: F = P(+i) F = P(F/P,i%,) 9// // Preset Worth Factor from F/P Sice F = P(+i) 2. P/F factor discoutig back i time Discoutig back from the future We solve for P i terms of F N P = F{ / (+i) } = F(+i) - Thus: P = F(P/F,i%,) where (P/F,i%,) = (+i) - Thus, the two factors are:. F = P(+i) fids the future worth of P; 2. P = F(+i) - fids the preset worth from F P. F P/F factor brigs a sigle future sum back to a specific poit i time. 9// //200 6
2 Sct 2. Sigle-Paymet Factors (F/P ad P/F) Objective: Derive factors to determie the preset or future worth of a cash flow Cash Flow Diagram basic format F 2.2 Example- F/P Aalysis Give: P= $,000; =3; i=0% What is the future value, F? F =?? i% / period P=$, i=0%/year P 0 P 0 = F /(+i) (P/F,i%,) factor: Excel: =PV(i%,,,F) F = P 0 (+i) (F/P,i%,) factor: Excel: =FV(i%,,,P) F 3 = $,000[F/P,0%,3] = $,000[.0] 3 = $,000[.330] = $, // // Example P/F Aalysis Give: F = $00,000, 9 years from ow. Fid: The preset worth of this amout ow if i =5%? i = 5%/yr F 9 = $00, Sct 2.2 Uiform-Series: Preset Worth Factor (P/A) ad Capital Recovery Factor(A/P) Cash flow profile for P/A factor i% per iterest period $A per iterest period -2 - Fid P P=?? P 0 = $00,000(P/F, 5%,9) = $00,000(/(.5) 9 ) = $00,000(0.2843) = $28,430 at time t = 0 9//200 9 Required: To fid P give A Cash flows are equal, uiterrupted ad flow at the ed of each iterest period 9//200 0 (P/A) Factor Derivatio Setup the followig: P = A ( ) ( ) ( ) i i i ( i) () Multiply by to obtai a secod equatio (+i) P = A i ( i) ( i) ( i) ( i) (2) Subtract () from (2) to yield i P = A (3) + + i ( + i) ( + i) (P/A) ad (A/P) Factor Formulas Simplify (3) to yield ( + i) P = A for i 0 i( + i) Solve (4) for A to get (A/P) factor i( + i) A = P ( + i) (5) (4) (P/A,i%,) factor Excel: =PV(i%,,A) (A/P,i%,) factor Excel: =PMT(i%,,P) 9//200 9//
3 ANSI Stadard Notatio for Iterest Factors Stadard otatio has bee adopted to represet the various iterest factors Cosists of two cash flow symbols, the iterest rate, ad the umber of time periods Geeral form: (X/Y,i%,) X represets what is ukow Y represets what is kow i ad represet iput parameters; ca be kow or ukow depedig upo the problem Notatio - cotiued Example: (F/P,6%,20) is read as: To fid F, give P whe the iterest rate is 6% ad the umber of time periods equals 20. I problem formulatio, the stadard otatio is ofte used i place of the closed-form equivalet relatios (factor) Tables at the back of the text provide tabulatios of commo values for i% ad 9// //200 4 Sct 2.3 Sikig Fud Factor ad Uiform Series Compoud Amout Factor (A/F ad F/A) Cash flow diagram for (A/F) factor i% per iterest period A=? per iterest period Fid A, give F Start with what has already bee developed i( + i) A = F ( + i) ( + i) i A = F ( + i) F = give (F/A) factor from (A/F) Give: i (A/F,i%,) factor A = F ( i) + Solve for F i terms of A to yield Excel: =PMT(i%,,,F) ( + i) (F/A,i%,) factor F = A i Excel: =FV(i%,,A) 9// //200 6 Sct 2.4 Iterpolatio i Iterest Tables Whe usig tabulated iterest tables oe might be forced to approximate a factor that is ot tabulated Ca apply liear iterpolatio to approximate See Table 2-4 Factors are oliear fuctios, hece liear iterpolatio will yield errors i the 2-4% rage Use a spreadsheet model to calculate the factor precisely 2.4 Iterpolatio of Factors Typical Format for Tabulated Iterest Tables 9// //
4 2.4 Basic Setup for Iterpolatio Work with the followig basic relatioships 2.3 Example 2.5 It is desired to kow the future worth of $,000,000 ivested at the ed of each year for 8 years, startig oe year from ow. The iterest rate is assumed to be 4% per year A = $,000,000/yr; = 8 yrs, i = 4%/yr F 8 =?? 9// // Example 2.5 Solutio: The cash flow diagram shows the aual paymets startig at the ed of year ad edig i the year the future worth is desired. Cash flows are idicated i $000 uits. The F value i 8 years is F = l000(f/a,4%,8) = 000( ) = $3, = millio 8 years from ow. 9//200 2 Sct 2.5 Arithmetic Gradiet Factors (P/G) ad (A/G) Cash flow profile Fid P, give gradiet cash flow G Base amout = A A +G A +2G A +(-2)G A +(-)G CF = A ± (-)G 9// Gradiet Example $400 $300 $200 $00 $500 $600 $700 Gradiet Compoets (-2)G (-3)G Fid P of gradiet series G 2G 0G Base amout = A / period (-)G Gradiets have two compoets:. The base amout ad the gradiet 2. The base amout (above) = $00/time period Preset worth poit is period to the left of the 0G cash flow For preset worth of the base amout, use the P/A factor (already kow) For preset worth of the gradiet series, use the P/G factor (to be derived) 9// //
5 Gradiet Decompositio As we kow, arithmetic gradiets are comprised of two compoets. Gradiet compoet 2. Base amout Whe workig with a cash flow cotaiig a gradiet, the (P/G) factor is oly for the gradiet compoet Apply the (P/A) factor to work o the base amout compoet P = PW(gradiet) + PW(base amout) Derivatio Summary for (P/G) Start with: P = G( P / F, i, 2) + 2 G( P / F, i,3) + 3 G( P / F, i, 4) [(-2)G](P/F,i,-)+[(-)G](P/F,i,) Multiply () by (+i) to create a secod equatio Subtract () from the secod equatio ad simplify Yields G ( + i) ( + i) i (P/G,i,) factor P= i ( ) i + i ( ) + i = 2 i + i No Excel relatio exists () 9// // Use of the (A/G) Factor 2.5 Gradiet Example A = G(A/G,i,) Fid A, give gradiet cash flow G G 2G (-2)G A A A... A A CF = (-)G Equivalet A of gradiet series (-)G 9// Cosider the followig cash flow $00 $200 $300 $ Preset Worth Poit is here! Ad the G amt. = $00/period $500 Fid the preset worth if i = 0%/yr; = 5 yrs 9// Gradiet Example- Base Auity First, The Base Auity of $00/period A = +$ Gradiet Example- Focus o the Gradiet Compoet $0 $00 $200 $300 $ PW(0%) of the base auity = $00(P/A,0%,5) PW Base = $00(3.7908)= $ Not Fiished: We eed the PW of the gradiet compoet ad the add that value to the $ amout We desire the PW of the Gradiet Compoet at t = 0 P G@t=0 = G( P/G,0%,5 ) = $00( P/G,0%,5 ) 9// //
6 2.5 Gradiet Example- The Set Up $0 $00 $200 $300 $ P G@t=0 = G(P/G,0%,5) = $00(P/G,0%,5) N P= G ( + i) N i ( ) N ( ) N i + i + i Could substitute =5, i=0% ad G = $00 ito the P/G closed form to get the value of the factor. 2.5 Gradiet Example- PW of the Gradiet Compoet P G@t=0 = G(P/G,0%,5) = $00(P/G,0%,5) P/G,0%,5) N P= G ( + i) N i ( ) N ( ) N i + i + i Sub. G=$00;i=0.0;= Calculatig or lookig up the P/G,0%,5 factor yields the followig: P t=0 = $00(6.868) = $686.8 for the gradiet PW 9// // Gradiet Example: Fial Result Sct 2.6 Geometric Gradiet Series Factor PW(0%) Base Auity = $ PW(0%) Gradiet Compoet = $686.8 Total PW(0%) = $ $686.8 Equals $ Note: The two sums occur at t =0 ad ca be added together cocept of equivalece 9// Geometric Gradiet Cash flow series that starts with a base amout A Icreases or decreases from period to period by a costat percetage amout This uiform rate of chage defies A GEOMETRIC GRADIENT Notatio: g = the costat rate of chage, i decimal form, by which future amouts icrease or decrease from oe time period to the ext 9// Typical Geometric Gradiet A Give A, i%, ad g% A (+g) A (+g) A (+g) - Required: Fid a factor (P/A,g%,i%,) that will covert future cash flows to a sigle preset worth value at time t = 0 9// Start with: Basic Derivatio: Geometric Gradiet A A ( + g) A ( + g) A ( + g) = ( + i) ( + i) ( + i) ( + i) Factor out A out ad re-write 2 ( + g) ( + g) ( + g) = A ( + i) ( + i) ( + i) ( + i) (2) Multiply by (+g)/(+i) to obtai Eq. (3 ) 2 ( + g ) ( + g ) ( + g ) ( + g ) ( + g ) = A ( + i) ( + i) ( + i ) ( + i ) ( + i ) ( + i ) Subtract Eq. (2 ) from Eq. (3 ) to yield + g ( + g ) P g A + + i = ( + i ) + i Solve for P g ad simplify to yield. 9// () (3) + g + i = A g i i g 6
7 Two Forms to Cosider + g + i = A g i i g Case: g = i To use the (P/A,g%,i%,) factor A is the startig cash flow A = ( + i) 9// P g Case: g = i There is NO base amout associated with a geometric gradiet The remaiig cash flows are geerated from the A startig value No tables available to tabulate this factor too may combiatios of i% ad g% to support tables 2.6 Geometric Gradiet: Example Assume maiteace costs for a particular activity will be $700 oe year from ow. Assume a aual icrease of maiteace costs of % per year over a 6-year time period. If the iterest rate is 8% per year, determie the preset worth of the future expeses at time t = 0. First, draw a cash flow diagram to represet the model. 9// Geometric Gradiet Example (+g) 2.6 Solutio g = +% per period; A = $700; i = 8%/yr $700 PW(8%) =?? $700(.) $700(.) 2 $700(.) 3 $700(.) 5 9// P = $700(P/A,%,8%,7) Need to calculate the P/A factor from the closed-form expressio for a geometric gradiet. From a spreadsheet we see: 303: Use "g" 667: use f-bar Geometric Gradiets "E" or g or f-bar = % i= 8% N= 7 P/A,g,i, factor is First Amt= $, P. Value = $, g + i = A g i i g 9// Geometric Gradiet ( -g ) Cosider the followig problem with a egative growth rate g. A = $000 $900 $80 $ P 0 =?? g = -0%/yr; i = 8%; = 4 We simply apply a g value = // Geometric Gradiet (-g value) Evaluate: For a egative g value = g + i P g = A g i i g 303: Use "g" 667: use f-bar Geometric Gradiets "E" or g or f-bar = -0% i= 8% N= 4 P/A,g,i, factor is First Amt= $, P. Value = $ 2, //
8 Sct 2.7 Determiatio of Ukow Iterest Rate Class of problems where the iterest rate, i%, is the ukow value For simple, sigle paymet problems (i.e., P ad F oly), solvig for i% give the other parameters is ot difficult For auity ad gradiet type problems, solvig for i% ca be tedious Trial ad error method Apply spreadsheet models The IRR Spreadsheet Fuctio Defie the total cash flow as a colum of values withi Excel Apply the IRR fuctio: =IRR(first_cell:last_cell, guess value) If the cash flow series is a A value the apply the RATE fuctio: =RATE(umber_years, A,P,F) See examples 2.2 ad 2.3 9// // Sct 2.8 Determiatio of Ukow Number of Years Class of problems where the umber of time periods (years) is the ukow I sigle paymet type problems, solvig for is straight forward I other types of cash flow profiles, solvig for requires trial ad error or spreadsheet I Excel, give A, P, ad/or F, ad i% values apply: =NPER(i%,A,P,F) to retur the value of Sct 2.9 Spreadsheet Applicatio Basic Sesitivity Aalysis Sesitivity Aalysis is a process of determiig what iput variables really matter i a give problem formulatio Sesitivity aalysis aids i evaluatig certai what-if scearios Spreadsheet modelig is the best approach to formulate sesitivity aalysis for a give problem 9// // Sesitivity Aalysis See Example 2.5 Illustrates a what-if situatio for receivig moey i three differet time periods Tabulates the associated rate of returs for the three situatios See Example 2.6 The evaluatio of o-sequetial cash flows. Foudatios: Overview. F/P ad P/F Factors 2. P/A ad A/P Factors 3. F/A ad A/F Factors 4. Iterpolate Factor Values 5. P/G ad A/G Factors 6. Geometric Gradiet 7. Calculate i 8. Calculate 9. Spreadsheets 9// //
Chapter 5 Unit 1. IET 350 Engineering Economics. Learning Objectives Chapter 5. Learning Objectives Unit 1. Annual Amount and Gradient Functions
Chapter 5 Uit Aual Amout ad Gradiet Fuctios IET 350 Egieerig Ecoomics Learig Objectives Chapter 5 Upo completio of this chapter you should uderstad: Calculatig future values from aual amouts. Calculatig
More informationCHAPTER 3 THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY
CHAPTER 3 THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY OVERVIEW A dollar i the had today is worth more tha a dollar to be received i the future because, if you had it ow, you could ivest that dollar ad ear iterest. Of all
More informationwhere: T = number of years of cash flow in investment's life n = the year in which the cash flow X n i = IRR = the internal rate of return
EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE CAPITAL INVESTMENT PROGRAMS By Ke D. Duft, Extesio Ecoomist I the March 98 issue of this publicatio we reviewed the procedure by which a capital ivestmet project was assessed. The
More informationLearning objectives. Duc K. Nguyen - Corporate Finance 21/10/2014
1 Lecture 3 Time Value of Moey ad Project Valuatio The timelie Three rules of time travels NPV of a stream of cash flows Perpetuities, auities ad other special cases Learig objectives 2 Uderstad the time-value
More information.04. This means $1000 is multiplied by 1.02 five times, once for each of the remaining sixmonth
Questio 1: What is a ordiary auity? Let s look at a ordiary auity that is certai ad simple. By this, we mea a auity over a fixed term whose paymet period matches the iterest coversio period. Additioally,
More informationBENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS Financial and Economic Appraisal using Spreadsheets
BENEIT-CST ANALYSIS iacial ad Ecoomic Appraisal usig Spreadsheets Ch. 2: Ivestmet Appraisal - Priciples Harry Campbell & Richard Brow School of Ecoomics The Uiversity of Queeslad Review of basic cocepts
More informationTime Value of Money. First some technical stuff. HP10B II users
Time Value of Moey Basis for the course Power of compoud iterest $3,600 each year ito a 401(k) pla yields $2,390,000 i 40 years First some techical stuff You will use your fiacial calculator i every sigle
More informationSolving Logarithms and Exponential Equations
Solvig Logarithms ad Epoetial Equatios Logarithmic Equatios There are two major ideas required whe solvig Logarithmic Equatios. The first is the Defiitio of a Logarithm. You may recall from a earlier topic:
More informationSoving Recurrence Relations
Sovig Recurrece Relatios Part 1. Homogeeous liear 2d degree relatios with costat coefficiets. Cosider the recurrece relatio ( ) T () + at ( 1) + bt ( 2) = 0 This is called a homogeeous liear 2d degree
More informationI. Why is there a time value to money (TVM)?
Itroductio to the Time Value of Moey Lecture Outlie I. Why is there the cocept of time value? II. Sigle cash flows over multiple periods III. Groups of cash flows IV. Warigs o doig time value calculatios
More informationTerminology for Bonds and Loans
³ ² ± Termiology for Bods ad Loas Pricipal give to borrower whe loa is made Simple loa: pricipal plus iterest repaid at oe date Fixed-paymet loa: series of (ofte equal) repaymets Bod is issued at some
More informationAnnuities Under Random Rates of Interest II By Abraham Zaks. Technion I.I.T. Haifa ISRAEL and Haifa University Haifa ISRAEL.
Auities Uder Radom Rates of Iterest II By Abraham Zas Techio I.I.T. Haifa ISRAEL ad Haifa Uiversity Haifa ISRAEL Departmet of Mathematics, Techio - Israel Istitute of Techology, 3000, Haifa, Israel I memory
More informationInstitute of Actuaries of India Subject CT1 Financial Mathematics
Istitute of Actuaries of Idia Subject CT1 Fiacial Mathematics For 2014 Examiatios Subject CT1 Fiacial Mathematics Core Techical Aim The aim of the Fiacial Mathematics subject is to provide a groudig i
More informationTO: Users of the ACTEX Review Seminar on DVD for SOA Exam FM/CAS Exam 2
TO: Users of the ACTEX Review Semiar o DVD for SOA Exam FM/CAS Exam FROM: Richard L. (Dick) Lodo, FSA Dear Studets, Thak you for purchasig the DVD recordig of the ACTEX Review Semiar for SOA Exam FM (CAS
More information5.4 Amortization. Question 1: How do you find the present value of an annuity? Question 2: How is a loan amortized?
5.4 Amortizatio Questio 1: How do you fid the preset value of a auity? Questio 2: How is a loa amortized? Questio 3: How do you make a amortizatio table? Oe of the most commo fiacial istrumets a perso
More informationSECTION 1.5 : SUMMATION NOTATION + WORK WITH SEQUENCES
SECTION 1.5 : SUMMATION NOTATION + WORK WITH SEQUENCES Read Sectio 1.5 (pages 5 9) Overview I Sectio 1.5 we lear to work with summatio otatio ad formulas. We will also itroduce a brief overview of sequeces,
More informationFM4 CREDIT AND BORROWING
FM4 CREDIT AND BORROWING Whe you purchase big ticket items such as cars, boats, televisios ad the like, retailers ad fiacial istitutios have various terms ad coditios that are implemeted for the cosumer
More informationPresent Value Factor To bring one dollar in the future back to present, one uses the Present Value Factor (PVF): Concept 9: Present Value
Cocept 9: Preset Value Is the value of a dollar received today the same as received a year from today? A dollar today is worth more tha a dollar tomorrow because of iflatio, opportuity cost, ad risk Brigig
More informationNATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 11
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE MATHEMATICS P NOVEMBER 007 MARKS: 50 TIME: 3 hours This questio paper cosists of 9 pages, diagram sheet ad a -page formula sheet. Please tur over Mathematics/P DoE/November
More informationBasic Elements of Arithmetic Sequences and Series
MA40S PRE-CALCULUS UNIT G GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES CLASS NOTES (COMPLETED NO NEED TO COPY NOTES FROM OVERHEAD) Basic Elemets of Arithmetic Sequeces ad Series Objective: To establish basic elemets of arithmetic
More informationSimple Annuities Present Value.
Simple Auities Preset Value. OBJECTIVES (i) To uderstad the uderlyig priciple of a preset value auity. (ii) To use a CASIO CFX-9850GB PLUS to efficietly compute values associated with preset value auities.
More informationINVESTMENT PERFORMANCE COUNCIL (IPC)
INVESTMENT PEFOMANCE COUNCIL (IPC) INVITATION TO COMMENT: Global Ivestmet Performace Stadards (GIPS ) Guidace Statemet o Calculatio Methodology The Associatio for Ivestmet Maagemet ad esearch (AIM) seeks
More informationBond Valuation I. What is a bond? Cash Flows of A Typical Bond. Bond Valuation. Coupon Rate and Current Yield. Cash Flows of A Typical Bond
What is a bod? Bod Valuatio I Bod is a I.O.U. Bod is a borrowig agreemet Bod issuers borrow moey from bod holders Bod is a fixed-icome security that typically pays periodic coupo paymets, ad a pricipal
More informationCHAPTER 11 Financial mathematics
CHAPTER 11 Fiacial mathematics I this chapter you will: Calculate iterest usig the simple iterest formula ( ) Use the simple iterest formula to calculate the pricipal (P) Use the simple iterest formula
More informationIncremental calculation of weighted mean and variance
Icremetal calculatio of weighted mea ad variace Toy Fich faf@cam.ac.uk dot@dotat.at Uiversity of Cambridge Computig Service February 009 Abstract I these otes I eplai how to derive formulae for umerically
More informationYour organization has a Class B IP address of 166.144.0.0 Before you implement subnetting, the Network ID and Host ID are divided as follows:
Subettig Subettig is used to subdivide a sigle class of etwork i to multiple smaller etworks. Example: Your orgaizatio has a Class B IP address of 166.144.0.0 Before you implemet subettig, the Network
More information1 Correlation and Regression Analysis
1 Correlatio ad Regressio Aalysis I this sectio we will be ivestigatig the relatioship betwee two cotiuous variable, such as height ad weight, the cocetratio of a ijected drug ad heart rate, or the cosumptio
More informationA Guide to the Pricing Conventions of SFE Interest Rate Products
A Guide to the Pricig Covetios of SFE Iterest Rate Products SFE 30 Day Iterbak Cash Rate Futures Physical 90 Day Bak Bills SFE 90 Day Bak Bill Futures SFE 90 Day Bak Bill Futures Tick Value Calculatios
More informationSubject CT5 Contingencies Core Technical Syllabus
Subject CT5 Cotigecies Core Techical Syllabus for the 2015 exams 1 Jue 2014 Aim The aim of the Cotigecies subject is to provide a groudig i the mathematical techiques which ca be used to model ad value
More informationTime Value of Money, NPV and IRR equation solving with the TI-86
Time Value of Moey NPV ad IRR Equatio Solvig with the TI-86 (may work with TI-85) (similar process works with TI-83, TI-83 Plus ad may work with TI-82) Time Value of Moey, NPV ad IRR equatio solvig with
More informationFI A CIAL MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER 7 FI A CIAL MATHEMATICS Page Cotets 7.1 Compoud Value 117 7.2 Compoud Value of a Auity 118 7.3 Sikig Fuds 119 7.4 Preset Value 122 7.5 Preset Value of a Auity 122 7.6 Term Loas ad Amortizatio 123
More informationChapter 2 Factors: How Time and Interest Affect Money
Chapter 2 Factors: How Time and Interest Affect Money Session 4-5-6 Dr Abdelaziz Berrado 1 Topics to Be Covered in Today s Lecture Section 2: How Time and Interest Affect Money Single-Payment Factors (F/P
More informationIn nite Sequences. Dr. Philippe B. Laval Kennesaw State University. October 9, 2008
I ite Sequeces Dr. Philippe B. Laval Keesaw State Uiversity October 9, 2008 Abstract This had out is a itroductio to i ite sequeces. mai de itios ad presets some elemetary results. It gives the I ite Sequeces
More information2 Time Value of Money
2 Time Value of Moey BASIC CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE 1. Time Value of Moey It meas moey has time value. A rupee today is more valuable tha a rupee a year hece. We use rate of iterest to express the time value
More informationI. Chi-squared Distributions
1 M 358K Supplemet to Chapter 23: CHI-SQUARED DISTRIBUTIONS, T-DISTRIBUTIONS, AND DEGREES OF FREEDOM To uderstad t-distributios, we first eed to look at aother family of distributios, the chi-squared distributios.
More informationSEQUENCES AND SERIES
Chapter 9 SEQUENCES AND SERIES Natural umbers are the product of huma spirit. DEDEKIND 9.1 Itroductio I mathematics, the word, sequece is used i much the same way as it is i ordiary Eglish. Whe we say
More informationCS103A Handout 23 Winter 2002 February 22, 2002 Solving Recurrence Relations
CS3A Hadout 3 Witer 00 February, 00 Solvig Recurrece Relatios Itroductio A wide variety of recurrece problems occur i models. Some of these recurrece relatios ca be solved usig iteratio or some other ad
More informationTHE TIME VALUE OF MONEY
QRMC04 9/17/01 4:43 PM Page 51 CHAPTER FOUR THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY 4.1 INTRODUCTION AND FUTURE VALUE The perspective ad the orgaizatio of this chapter differs from that of chapters 2 ad 3 i that topics
More informationHow To Solve The Homewor Problem Beautifully
Egieerig 33 eautiful Homewor et 3 of 7 Kuszmar roblem.5.5 large departmet store sells sport shirts i three sizes small, medium, ad large, three patters plaid, prit, ad stripe, ad two sleeve legths log
More informationHere are a couple of warnings to my students who may be here to get a copy of what happened on a day that you missed.
This documet was writte ad copyrighted by Paul Dawkis. Use of this documet ad its olie versio is govered by the Terms ad Coditios of Use located at http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.asp. The olie versio
More informationQuestion 2: How is a loan amortized?
Questio 2: How is a loa amortized? Decreasig auities may be used i auto or home loas. I these types of loas, some amout of moey is borrowed. Fixed paymets are made to pay off the loa as well as ay accrued
More informationTaking DCOP to the Real World: Efficient Complete Solutions for Distributed Multi-Event Scheduling
Taig DCOP to the Real World: Efficiet Complete Solutios for Distributed Multi-Evet Schedulig Rajiv T. Maheswara, Milid Tambe, Emma Bowrig, Joatha P. Pearce, ad Pradeep araatham Uiversity of Souther Califoria
More informationThe following example will help us understand The Sampling Distribution of the Mean. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 50 miles 84 miles 38 miles 120 miles 48 miles
The followig eample will help us uderstad The Samplig Distributio of the Mea Review: The populatio is the etire collectio of all idividuals or objects of iterest The sample is the portio of the populatio
More informationRepeating Decimals are decimal numbers that have number(s) after the decimal point that repeat in a pattern.
5.5 Fractios ad Decimals Steps for Chagig a Fractio to a Decimal. Simplify the fractio, if possible. 2. Divide the umerator by the deomiator. d d Repeatig Decimals Repeatig Decimals are decimal umbers
More informationInfinite Sequences and Series
CHAPTER 4 Ifiite Sequeces ad Series 4.1. Sequeces A sequece is a ifiite ordered list of umbers, for example the sequece of odd positive itegers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29...
More informationMathematical goals. Starting points. Materials required. Time needed
Level A1 of challege: C A1 Mathematical goals Startig poits Materials required Time eeded Iterpretig algebraic expressios To help learers to: traslate betwee words, symbols, tables, ad area represetatios
More informationMMQ Problems Solutions with Calculators. Managerial Finance
MMQ Problems Solutios with Calculators Maagerial Fiace 2008 Adrew Hall. MMQ Solutios With Calculators. Page 1 MMQ 1: Suppose Newma s spi lads o the prize of $100 to be collected i exactly 2 years, but
More informationCDs Bought at a Bank verses CD s Bought from a Brokerage. Floyd Vest
CDs Bought at a Bak verses CD s Bought from a Brokerage Floyd Vest CDs bought at a bak. CD stads for Certificate of Deposit with the CD origiatig i a FDIC isured bak so that the CD is isured by the Uited
More informationDiscounting. Finance 100
Discoutig Fiace 100 Prof. Michael R. Roberts 1 Topic Overview The Timelie Compoudig & Future Value Discoutig & Preset Value Multiple Cash Flows Special Streams of Cash Flows» Perpetuities» Auities Iterest
More informationNATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE MATHEMATICS P EXEMPLAR 04 MARKS: 50 TIME: 3 hours This questio paper cosists of 8 pages ad iformatio sheet. Please tur over Mathematics/P DBE/04 NSC Grade Eemplar INSTRUCTIONS
More information*The most important feature of MRP as compared with ordinary inventory control analysis is its time phasing feature.
Itegrated Productio ad Ivetory Cotrol System MRP ad MRP II Framework of Maufacturig System Ivetory cotrol, productio schedulig, capacity plaig ad fiacial ad busiess decisios i a productio system are iterrelated.
More informationS. Tanny MAT 344 Spring 1999. be the minimum number of moves required.
S. Tay MAT 344 Sprig 999 Recurrece Relatios Tower of Haoi Let T be the miimum umber of moves required. T 0 = 0, T = 7 Iitial Coditios * T = T + $ T is a sequece (f. o itegers). Solve for T? * is a recurrece,
More informationSavings and Retirement Benefits
60 Baltimore Couty Public Schools offers you several ways to begi savig moey through payroll deductios. Defied Beefit Pesio Pla Tax Sheltered Auities ad Custodial Accouts Defied Beefit Pesio Pla Did you
More informationCHAPTER 4: NET PRESENT VALUE
EMBA 807 Corporate Fiace Dr. Rodey Boehe CHAPTER 4: NET PRESENT VALUE (Assiged probles are, 2, 7, 8,, 6, 23, 25, 28, 29, 3, 33, 36, 4, 42, 46, 50, ad 52) The title of this chapter ay be Net Preset Value,
More informationConfidence Intervals for One Mean
Chapter 420 Cofidece Itervals for Oe Mea Itroductio This routie calculates the sample size ecessary to achieve a specified distace from the mea to the cofidece limit(s) at a stated cofidece level for a
More informationExample 2 Find the square root of 0. The only square root of 0 is 0 (since 0 is not positive or negative, so those choices don t exist here).
BEGINNING ALGEBRA Roots ad Radicals (revised summer, 00 Olso) Packet to Supplemet the Curret Textbook - Part Review of Square Roots & Irratioals (This portio ca be ay time before Part ad should mostly
More informationChapter 7: Confidence Interval and Sample Size
Chapter 7: Cofidece Iterval ad Sample Size Learig Objectives Upo successful completio of Chapter 7, you will be able to: Fid the cofidece iterval for the mea, proportio, ad variace. Determie the miimum
More informationFOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMATICS AND PRE-CALCULUS GRADE 10
FOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMATICS AND PRE-CALCULUS GRADE 10 [C] Commuicatio Measuremet A1. Solve problems that ivolve liear measuremet, usig: SI ad imperial uits of measure estimatio strategies measuremet strategies.
More informationVALUATION OF FINANCIAL ASSETS
P A R T T W O As a parter for Erst & Youg, a atioal accoutig ad cosultig firm, Do Erickso is i charge of the busiess valuatio practice for the firm s Southwest regio. Erickso s sigle job for the firm is
More informationhp calculators HP 12C Statistics - average and standard deviation Average and standard deviation concepts HP12C average and standard deviation
HP 1C Statistics - average ad stadard deviatio Average ad stadard deviatio cocepts HP1C average ad stadard deviatio Practice calculatig averages ad stadard deviatios with oe or two variables HP 1C Statistics
More informationThe analysis of the Cournot oligopoly model considering the subjective motive in the strategy selection
The aalysis of the Courot oligopoly model cosiderig the subjective motive i the strategy selectio Shigehito Furuyama Teruhisa Nakai Departmet of Systems Maagemet Egieerig Faculty of Egieerig Kasai Uiversity
More informationCME 302: NUMERICAL LINEAR ALGEBRA FALL 2005/06 LECTURE 8
CME 30: NUMERICAL LINEAR ALGEBRA FALL 005/06 LECTURE 8 GENE H GOLUB 1 Positive Defiite Matrices A matrix A is positive defiite if x Ax > 0 for all ozero x A positive defiite matrix has real ad positive
More informationINVESTMENT PERFORMANCE COUNCIL (IPC) Guidance Statement on Calculation Methodology
Adoptio Date: 4 March 2004 Effective Date: 1 Jue 2004 Retroactive Applicatio: No Public Commet Period: Aug Nov 2002 INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE COUNCIL (IPC) Preface Guidace Statemet o Calculatio Methodology
More informationSystems Design Project: Indoor Location of Wireless Devices
Systems Desig Project: Idoor Locatio of Wireless Devices Prepared By: Bria Murphy Seior Systems Sciece ad Egieerig Washigto Uiversity i St. Louis Phoe: (805) 698-5295 Email: bcm1@cec.wustl.edu Supervised
More informationTHE ARITHMETIC OF INTEGERS. - multiplication, exponentiation, division, addition, and subtraction
THE ARITHMETIC OF INTEGERS - multiplicatio, expoetiatio, divisio, additio, ad subtractio What to do ad what ot to do. THE INTEGERS Recall that a iteger is oe of the whole umbers, which may be either positive,
More informationA Combined Continuous/Binary Genetic Algorithm for Microstrip Antenna Design
A Combied Cotiuous/Biary Geetic Algorithm for Microstrip Atea Desig Rady L. Haupt The Pesylvaia State Uiversity Applied Research Laboratory P. O. Box 30 State College, PA 16804-0030 haupt@ieee.org Abstract:
More informationExample: Probability ($1 million in S&P 500 Index will decline by more than 20% within a
Value at Risk For a give portfolio, Value-at-Risk (VAR) is defied as the umber VAR such that: Pr( Portfolio loses more tha VAR withi time period t)
More informationHypergeometric Distributions
7.4 Hypergeometric Distributios Whe choosig the startig lie-up for a game, a coach obviously has to choose a differet player for each positio. Similarly, whe a uio elects delegates for a covetio or you
More informationTO: Users of the ACTEX Review Seminar on DVD for SOA Exam MLC
TO: Users of the ACTEX Review Semiar o DVD for SOA Eam MLC FROM: Richard L. (Dick) Lodo, FSA Dear Studets, Thak you for purchasig the DVD recordig of the ACTEX Review Semiar for SOA Eam M, Life Cotigecies
More informationMultiple Representations for Pattern Exploration with the Graphing Calculator and Manipulatives
Douglas A. Lapp Multiple Represetatios for Patter Exploratio with the Graphig Calculator ad Maipulatives To teach mathematics as a coected system of cocepts, we must have a shift i emphasis from a curriculum
More informationSwaps: Constant maturity swaps (CMS) and constant maturity. Treasury (CMT) swaps
Swaps: Costat maturity swaps (CMS) ad costat maturity reasury (CM) swaps A Costat Maturity Swap (CMS) swap is a swap where oe of the legs pays (respectively receives) a swap rate of a fixed maturity, while
More informationUniversity of California, Los Angeles Department of Statistics. Distributions related to the normal distribution
Uiversity of Califoria, Los Ageles Departmet of Statistics Statistics 100B Istructor: Nicolas Christou Three importat distributios: Distributios related to the ormal distributio Chi-square (χ ) distributio.
More informationNr. 2. Interpolation of Discount Factors. Heinz Cremers Willi Schwarz. Mai 1996
Nr 2 Iterpolatio of Discout Factors Heiz Cremers Willi Schwarz Mai 1996 Autore: Herausgeber: Prof Dr Heiz Cremers Quatitative Methode ud Spezielle Bakbetriebslehre Hochschule für Bakwirtschaft Dr Willi
More informationMeasures of Spread and Boxplots Discrete Math, Section 9.4
Measures of Spread ad Boxplots Discrete Math, Sectio 9.4 We start with a example: Example 1: Comparig Mea ad Media Compute the mea ad media of each data set: S 1 = {4, 6, 8, 10, 1, 14, 16} S = {4, 7, 9,
More informationVladimir N. Burkov, Dmitri A. Novikov MODELS AND METHODS OF MULTIPROJECTS MANAGEMENT
Keywords: project maagemet, resource allocatio, etwork plaig Vladimir N Burkov, Dmitri A Novikov MODELS AND METHODS OF MULTIPROJECTS MANAGEMENT The paper deals with the problems of resource allocatio betwee
More informationSequences and Series
CHAPTER 9 Sequeces ad Series 9.. Covergece: Defiitio ad Examples Sequeces The purpose of this chapter is to itroduce a particular way of geeratig algorithms for fidig the values of fuctios defied by their
More informationDepartment of Computer Science, University of Otago
Departmet of Computer Sciece, Uiversity of Otago Techical Report OUCS-2006-09 Permutatios Cotaiig May Patters Authors: M.H. Albert Departmet of Computer Sciece, Uiversity of Otago Micah Colema, Rya Fly
More informationBaan Service Master Data Management
Baa Service Master Data Maagemet Module Procedure UP069A US Documetiformatio Documet Documet code : UP069A US Documet group : User Documetatio Documet title : Master Data Maagemet Applicatio/Package :
More informationSection 11.3: The Integral Test
Sectio.3: The Itegral Test Most of the series we have looked at have either diverged or have coverged ad we have bee able to fid what they coverge to. I geeral however, the problem is much more difficult
More informationChapter 7. V and 10. V (the modified premium reserve using the Full Preliminary Term. V (the modified premium reserves using the Full Preliminary
Chapter 7 1. You are give that Mortality follows the Illustrative Life Table with i 6%. Assume that mortality is uiformly distributed betwee itegral ages. Calculate: a. Calculate 10 V for a whole life
More informationCHAPTER 3 DIGITAL CODING OF SIGNALS
CHAPTER 3 DIGITAL CODING OF SIGNALS Computers are ofte used to automate the recordig of measuremets. The trasducers ad sigal coditioig circuits produce a voltage sigal that is proportioal to a quatity
More informationAutomatic Tuning for FOREX Trading System Using Fuzzy Time Series
utomatic Tuig for FOREX Tradig System Usig Fuzzy Time Series Kraimo Maeesilp ad Pitihate Soorasa bstract Efficiecy of the automatic currecy tradig system is time depedet due to usig fixed parameters which
More informationAsymptotic Growth of Functions
CMPS Itroductio to Aalysis of Algorithms Fall 3 Asymptotic Growth of Fuctios We itroduce several types of asymptotic otatio which are used to compare the performace ad efficiecy of algorithms As we ll
More informationSolving equations. Pre-test. Warm-up
Solvig equatios 8 Pre-test Warm-up We ca thik of a algebraic equatio as beig like a set of scales. The two sides of the equatio are equal, so the scales are balaced. If we add somethig to oe side of the
More informationLesson 15 ANOVA (analysis of variance)
Outlie Variability -betwee group variability -withi group variability -total variability -F-ratio Computatio -sums of squares (betwee/withi/total -degrees of freedom (betwee/withi/total -mea square (betwee/withi
More informationChatpun Khamyat Department of Industrial Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand ocpky@hotmail.com
SOLVING THE OIL DELIVERY TRUCKS ROUTING PROBLEM WITH MODIFY MULTI-TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM APPROACH CASE STUDY: THE SME'S OIL LOGISTIC COMPANY IN BANGKOK THAILAND Chatpu Khamyat Departmet of Idustrial
More informationProperties of MLE: consistency, asymptotic normality. Fisher information.
Lecture 3 Properties of MLE: cosistecy, asymptotic ormality. Fisher iformatio. I this sectio we will try to uderstad why MLEs are good. Let us recall two facts from probability that we be used ofte throughout
More informationCS103X: Discrete Structures Homework 4 Solutions
CS103X: Discrete Structures Homewor 4 Solutios Due February 22, 2008 Exercise 1 10 poits. Silico Valley questios: a How may possible six-figure salaries i whole dollar amouts are there that cotai at least
More informationProject Deliverables. CS 361, Lecture 28. Outline. Project Deliverables. Administrative. Project Comments
Project Deliverables CS 361, Lecture 28 Jared Saia Uiversity of New Mexico Each Group should tur i oe group project cosistig of: About 6-12 pages of text (ca be loger with appedix) 6-12 figures (please
More informationHow to read A Mutual Fund shareholder report
Ivestor BulletI How to read A Mutual Fud shareholder report The SEC s Office of Ivestor Educatio ad Advocacy is issuig this Ivestor Bulleti to educate idividual ivestors about mutual fud shareholder reports.
More informationMATH 083 Final Exam Review
MATH 08 Fial Eam Review Completig the problems i this review will greatly prepare you for the fial eam Calculator use is ot required, but you are permitted to use a calculator durig the fial eam period
More informationCase Study. Normal and t Distributions. Density Plot. Normal Distributions
Case Study Normal ad t Distributios Bret Halo ad Bret Larget Departmet of Statistics Uiversity of Wiscosi Madiso October 11 13, 2011 Case Study Body temperature varies withi idividuals over time (it ca
More informationLecture 13. Lecturer: Jonathan Kelner Scribe: Jonathan Pines (2009)
18.409 A Algorithmist s Toolkit October 27, 2009 Lecture 13 Lecturer: Joatha Keler Scribe: Joatha Pies (2009) 1 Outlie Last time, we proved the Bru-Mikowski iequality for boxes. Today we ll go over the
More informationNEW HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR MORTGAGES AND ANNUITIES. Yuri Shestopaloff,
NEW HIGH PERFORMNCE COMPUTTIONL METHODS FOR MORTGGES ND NNUITIES Yuri Shestopaloff, Geerally, mortgage ad auity equatios do ot have aalytical solutios for ukow iterest rate, which has to be foud usig umerical
More informationOverview of some probability distributions.
Lecture Overview of some probability distributios. I this lecture we will review several commo distributios that will be used ofte throughtout the class. Each distributio is usually described by its probability
More informationLECTURE 13: Cross-validation
LECTURE 3: Cross-validatio Resampli methods Cross Validatio Bootstrap Bias ad variace estimatio with the Bootstrap Three-way data partitioi Itroductio to Patter Aalysis Ricardo Gutierrez-Osua Texas A&M
More informationDAME - Microsoft Excel add-in for solving multicriteria decision problems with scenarios Radomir Perzina 1, Jaroslav Ramik 2
Itroductio DAME - Microsoft Excel add-i for solvig multicriteria decisio problems with scearios Radomir Perzia, Jaroslav Ramik 2 Abstract. The mai goal of every ecoomic aget is to make a good decisio,
More informationSEQUENCES AND SERIES CHAPTER
CHAPTER SEQUENCES AND SERIES Whe the Grat family purchased a computer for $,200 o a istallmet pla, they agreed to pay $00 each moth util the cost of the computer plus iterest had bee paid The iterest each
More informationDetermining the sample size
Determiig the sample size Oe of the most commo questios ay statisticia gets asked is How large a sample size do I eed? Researchers are ofte surprised to fid out that the aswer depeds o a umber of factors
More informationTHE REGRESSION MODEL IN MATRIX FORM. For simple linear regression, meaning one predictor, the model is. for i = 1, 2, 3,, n
We will cosider the liear regressio model i matrix form. For simple liear regressio, meaig oe predictor, the model is i = + x i + ε i for i =,,,, This model icludes the assumptio that the ε i s are a sample
More information