Testing and Qualifying IPTV Networks For Streaming Media Applications
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1 Testing and Qualifying IPTV Networks For Streaming Media Applications Introduction Data switches are increasingly being deployed in cable and Telco transport environments with large numbers of streams of voice and video over IP (streaming media). Owing to their real time nature, streaming media applications are particularly sensitive to packet arrival time jitter and loss. Due to a wide variety of possible network application uses, using traditional data application oriented tests often do not reflect the performance experienced of a network when it is used in a streaming media application. This note proposes and describes the following plan for network evaluation: Identification of a set of profiles identifying common traffic characteristics and flow paths to be used during a switch and/or network evaluation intended for streaming media based on common specific configurations found in many cable and Telco streaming media transport networks. How to generate realistic, repeatable traffic load test conditions to characterize switches with the use of MDI [], [] as the indicator of flow quality. MDI is becoming increasingly common as a measure of streaming media cumulative packet jitter and packet loss. The steps needed to select switches that have appropriate MDI characteristics for standard traffic load profiles for systems with MDI characterized sources and MDI characterized streaming media consumer devices. Determining switch contribution to jitter and loss under known traffic profiles provides users confidence that a network component s selection will adequately function in a particular target environment. For example, a video on demand (VoD) server head end environment with known server-delivered traffic MDI, flow paths, and known downstream decoder MDI specifications requires that a switch and transport system contribute no more than a maximum MDI footprint (additional jitter) for unimpaired stream delivery. Switches characterized in these terms simplify system design and assure streaming media delivery quality for a desired range of load conditions. Article
2 Switch Operation When multiple packets arrive at one or more network switch input ports simultaneously and are destined for the same output port, most switches will begin transmitting one of the packets and queue the remaining packet(s) for transmission when the output port becomes available. Since all switches have finite buffer sizes, all switches have limits in handling simultaneously arriving input packets that are bound for a common output port. The exact behavior of a switch in the presence of such transient oversubscription can depend on many factors involving the depth of the available internal queue(s), algorithms describing how the queue(s) are utilized, priority settings, the number of active input ports, synchronization of input traffic, traffic flow paths, utilization level of output ports, etc. Thus, a switch s design, available internal resources, and configuration can all affect the characteristics of the resultant output flows for a given input flow profile. Transient oversubscription is aggravated when multiple streams packets arrive at a switch in back-to-back bursts on multiple ports that are bound for a common output port or ports, as this requires more packets to be queued. Such bursts of streaming media are common in the outputs of many video servers and encoders and are indicated by a higher than expected MDI Delay Factor. The situation is further aggravated when such bursts per stream are combined with many streams thus requiring still deeper queues and generating more resulting stream jitter. See figure below. Inter-Packet Gap to match movie bitrate of 3.75 Mb/s Inter-Packet Gap (96 ns) Packet Pattern for Movie with high DF Stream Generation with high Delay Factor Figure A 08//05
3 Inter-Packet Gap to match movie bitrate of 3.75 Mb/s Inter-Packet Gap (96 ns) Packet Pattern for 4 Movies Inter-Packet Gap to match movie bitrate of 5 Mb/s Inter-Packet Gap (96 ns) Packet Pattern for Movies Test Stream Generation without added Delay Factor Figure B Inter-Packet Gap to match movie bitrate of 3.75 Mb/s Packet Pattern for Movies Test Stream Generation of Multiple Streams with added DF Figure C The resultant burst characteristics of both input and output streams are readily measured by MDI Delay Factor. While the probability of dropped packets due to queue overflow can be reduced by simply increasing buffer sizes, this results in increased end-to-end latency which can affect VoD trick mode performance, channel change times, and VoIP quality. A single switch can be considered a small network. References to testing component switches in this paper can be applied to small through large sets of switches when deployed in a network. The impact on stream performance in a loaded network as discussed in this plan can be applied to any size network, though defining worst case traffic and path profiles becomes increasingly complex as the number of ports and paths increase. 08//05 3
4 Testing Criteria The criteria for acceptable network device performance can be determined by the MDI modification or footprint imposed by a switch or network segment that indicates how it has degraded or improved a stream s MDI. The MDI footprint of a device or network segment is simply the maximum difference between the MDI at the input of the device to that measured at the output. Taking the maximum MDI recorded for all streams individually at the input and comparing them to the corresponding stream s maximum MDI recorded at the output calculate the maximum difference. Ideally, the MDI change will be low indicating that the amount of stream jitter present at the input has not been substantially increased and no loss was introduced. It is important to make the measurements on all streams continuously and simultaneously at a network location as some streams can be affected quite differently in magnitude than others while some streams may not be affected at all. It is also important that the switch input stream count, bit rates, forwarding paths, and Delay Factors accurately represent the worst case combinations for the intended application since these factors may change the effects that a switch has on streams. A switch that unduly delays forwarding packets from input queue to output queue or bursts data to its output queue, and subsequently to the port output, exhibits poorer stream performance than one that avoids introducing stream bursts. This poorer performance can accumulate in successive downstream devices and may ultimately result in a downstream queue overflow and lost packets. Devices with ports that have per stream rate shaped outputs forward better stream characteristics to downstream nodes reducing the chances of a downstream queue overflow. Video over IP Switch System Evaluation and Selection The recommended approach to selecting a switch for a streaming media application is to:. Characterize streaming traffic sources for load levels, flow paths, stream types, and stream MDI.. Characterize the streaming traffic consumer device (MPEG decoder, QAM, STB, etc) as to its required MDI for satisfactory performance. 3. Use the data obtained from step to select a traffic profile that best represents the characteristics of the traffic intended for transport. 4. Compare the traffic profile from step 3 to consumer device requirements from step to determine if a candidate switch s MDI characteristics will satisfy the performance required. Such MDI characteristics can be obtained from switch providers or can be determined by performing a switch evaluation. It is critical, per Step above, to understand the nature of the streaming traffic entering the network to tailor the transport system for successful delivery. If the streaming media entering a switch has a high MDI then a switch will likely deliver an even worse MDI under load. 08//05 4
5 Likewise, if the flow paths are such that congestion is caused within the switch, then the switch will likely deliver impaired streams. It is also important, per Step above, to know how tolerant a streaming media consumer device is to a high MDI. An STB s tolerance for high MDIs, for example, varies from manufacturer to manufacturer. If an STB can reliably display a stream with a maximum MDI of 00:7 for example, then looser constraints on source MDIs, flow path configurations, and transport MDI contributions are required than with an STB, which can reliably display a stream with a maximum MDI of 30:0. Knowing the stream characteristics from Step makes selecting a switch with an appropriate MDI characteristic possible. Comparing the MDI characteristics of the streams entering the switch with the stream characteristics required by the consuming device, the appropriate switch can be selected by examining their MDI Characteristic curves (see below.) Monitoring Since the typical stream environment parameters are subject to changes due to subscriber growth, system evolution, firmware updates, configuration changes, etc., the steps described above will need to be performed periodically throughout the life of the transport system. Stream source characteristics may need to be monitored continuously as part of normal operations requirements to quickly detect and locate faults. This monitoring can be used to derive longer-term trends in the source streams. Switch performance may need to be periodically tested with current hardware release versions, firmware versions, configuration parameters, etc. using a controlled, repeatable stream source to update its MDI Characteristic curves (described below.) Similarly, the consuming device will require periodic verification of its MDI performance as hardware and firmware versions evolve, and operating configurations change, etc. MDI Characteristic Curve As outlined above and in other references [3], delivered switch performance for streaming media traffic depends on the input stream counts, input stream MDI, flow paths, and, of course, switch design and configuration. To help characterize switch performance in a way that facilitates comparing switches intended for streaming media applications, an MDI Characteristic Curve can be used. The MDI Characteristic Curve graphs a switch s performance in terms of number of transmitted streams without packet loss against the streams output DF for a given input DF. For example, in the sample MDI Characteristic Curve shown in Figure, each curve shows the performance of the switch for input streams with a fixed DF. For this switch where the input streams are a mix of and streams (selected to match a predetermined profile), the Characteristic Curve for an input stream DF of 5 ms shows that the maximum number of output streams that can be delivered without packet loss is 50 and that the output streams DF equals the input streams DF. For similar test conditions, the maximum number of output streams that can be delivered without packet loss drops to 30 if the input streams each have a DF of 0 ms. Only 0 streams can be delivered without loss if the input streams have a DF of 5. In some sets of profiles and input stream 08//05 5
6 characteristics, the switch may deliver streams without loss but with an increasing DF as the number of streams increases. This sample data demonstrates how dramatically that the DF characteristics and profile of a switch s input streams can generate stream loss events transmitted from that switch. Increasing DF on input streams can greatly reduce the number of available lossless output streams. / MDI Characteristic - Departmental Switch 6 max output Stream DF max number output streams w/o Loss DF in = 0 DF in = 5 DF in = 0 DF in = 5 Figure Example / MDI Switch Characteristic Curve *Note that a curve terminates when adding streams causes packet loss *Tests were with active switch input ports with equal number of streams, active output port (see Figure 3) *Number streams = number of streams *All ports operating at Gb/s Sample Video over IP Environment Profiles: Switches will require testing for input data of several common traffic profiles. Testing results should be plotted as MDI Characteristic Curves. MDI Characteristic Curves can be used to determine operating limits for the switch for a given number of input streams with given levels of MDI. 08//05 6
7 Characteristic Curves for the following profiles are initially recommended:. All Streams: All streams at 3.75 Mb/s destined for uncongested output port(s). This profile assumes that all input streams can be destined for any single output port and that the output port will never be oversubscribed. Characteristic Curves will be generated for input streams for the following cases are required. Each row below varies the number of input streams per input port. For each of these combinations, the Characteristics are plotted when the streams are transmitted out,, 4, 8, or 6 ports. No. of switch No. of Streams per No. out ports input Ports Input port 50,, 4, 8, 6 5,, 4, 8, 6 4 6,, 4, 8, 6 8 3,, 4, 8, 6 6 5,, 4, 8, 6. All Streams All streams at 5.0 Mb/s destined for uncongested output port(s). This profile assumes that all input streams can be destined for any single output port and that the output port will never be oversubscribed. MDI Characteristic Curves generated for the following cases are required. Each row below varies the number of input streams per input port. For each of these combinations, the MDI Characteristic Curves are plotted when the streams are transmitted out,, 4, 8, or 6 ports. No. of switch No. of Streams per No. out ports input Ports Input port 60,, 4, 8, 6 30,, 4, 8, 6 4 5,, 4, 8, 6 8 7,, 4, 8, 6 08//05 7
8 3. All MPTS Streams All MPTS streams at 38.0 Mb/s destined for uncongested output port(s). This profile assumes that all input streams can be destined for any single output port and that the output port will never be oversubscribed. MDI Characteristic Curves for the following cases are required. Each row below varies the number of input streams per input port. For each of these combinations, the MDI Characteristic Curves are plotted when the streams are transmitted out,, 4, 8, or 6 ports. No. of switch No. of Streams per No. out ports input Ports Input port 5,, 4, 8,, 4, 8 4 6,, 4, 8 8 3,, 4, 8 4. / Stream Mix / stream mix of 0 streams of 3.75 Mb/s and 30 streams of at 5.0 Mb/s destined for uncongested output port(s). This profile assumes that all input streams can be destined for any single output port and that the output port will never be oversubscribed. MDI Characteristic Curves for the following cases are required. Each row below varies the number of input streams per input port. For each of these combinations, the MDI Characteristic Curves are plotted when the streams are transmitted out,, 4, or 8 ports. Number of switch input Number of Streams per No. out ports Ports input port (/) 0/30,, 4, 8 60/5,, 4, /7,, 4, 8 8 5/3,, 4, 8 5. Broadcast Headend Switch / stream mix of 0 streams of 3.75 Mb/s and 30 streams of at 5.0 Mb/s with all output ports supporting multicast. This profile assumes that all input streams can be destined for all output ports and that the output ports will never be oversubscribed. MDI Characteristic Curves for the following cases are required. Each row below varies the number of input streams per input port. For each of these combinations, the MDI Characteristic Curves 08//05 8
9 are plotted when the streams are transmitted out,, 4, 8, 6, up to the maximum number of blade and/or switch output ports. Number of switch input Number of Streams per No. out ports Ports input port (/) 3 0/30,, 4, 8, /5,, 4, 8, /7,, 4, 8, 6 8 5/3,, 4, 8, 6 6. VoD Headend Switch / stream mix of 0 streams of 3.75 Mb/s and 30 streams of at 5.0 Mb/s per Gigabit port with all streams employing unicast addressing. This profile requires a minimum of 7 such active Gigabit ports simultaneously. This profile assumes that all input streams can be destined for all output ports and that the output ports will never be oversubscribed. MDI Characteristic Curves for the following cases are required. Each row below varies the number of input streams per input port. For each of these combinations, the MDI Characteristic Curves are plotted when the streams are transmitted out,, 4, 8, 6, up to the maximum number of blade and/or switch output ports. Number of switch input Number of Streams per No. out ports Ports input port (/) 5 0/30,, 4, 8, /5,, 4, 8, /7,, 4, 8, 6 8 5/3,, 4, 8, 6 Some other typical profiles likely to be of interest include combinations of: /MPTS, /MPTS, //MPTS, ratios of Multicast to unicast, flow paths for device ports within a blade and between blades. Other common profiles include the following: Small/medium/large VoD headend config profile Ring access/hub drop profile o x 0G in fanned out to multiple G ports o x 0G in with dual redundant active paths to multiple G ports Converged voice, video, data profiles o With and without various QoS configs, VLANs, etc Note that the profiles describe an input traffic mix representative of a service provider s source environment. A switch s performance might best be represented by a family of MDI Characteristic Curves for typical or recommended switch configurations. For example, a full featured metro class switch might have sets of MDI Characteristic Curves for VLAN 08//05 9
10 configurations, converged network Diffserv priorities, etc. A lower cost, smaller edge switch may only need MDI Characteristic Curves for the Broadcast Headend Profile. Testing Procedures Configure a test profile with appropriate stimulus streams and stream monitors and begin transmission. A Singulus G-T [4] can be configured as a traffic source and can provide combinations of video, voice, and data stimulus on two Gigabit Ethernet ports. Controlled amounts of cumulative jitter (DF) can be imposed on the test streams being sourced. Each Singulus G-T configured as a monitor can provide continuous stream monitoring for MDI and other parameters for a single Gigabit Ethernet link. Run each profile test for two minutes to assure no packet loss due to loads and then record results. Note that since an MDI Characteristic curve point must have no loss, a test can be terminated as soon as loss is detected. If no loss is detected, the test should run for at least two minutes to determine the max stream DF. Singlulus G-Ts Configured to Generate Video over IP Traffic Singlulus G -Ts Configured to Monitor/Analyze Video over IP Traffic... `... N Port - GbE Video Inbound Traffic Port - GbE Video Inbound Traffic Device/System Under Test PortN - GbE Video Outbound Traffic Figure 3 Test Configuration 08//05 0
11 Summary Streaming media is particularly sensitive to dropped packets and temporal distortions. MDI provides a measure for these two impairments and is a simple, convenient parameter to characterize live streaming media at all points in the network. Furthermore, it offers a good measure of switch and network performance with respect to these impairments. By evaluating the MDI characteristics of stream sources, switches and networks, and decoding devices, service providers can select network devices and configurations appropriate for their stream sources to assure that the end devices receive adequate stream quality for high quality decoding. Identifying a number of standard operating profiles of traffic types, traffic levels (stream counts), and worst case flow paths permit network devices to be measured, compared, configured, and selected based on their actual required application performance. Comparing end devices for performance in the presence of impairments as measured by MDI allows providers to select the grade of performance adequate for their immediate needs and projected growth patterns. References: [] A Proposed Media Delivery Index, Internet Draft, [] Media Delivery Index Application Note [3] Testing Triple Play Networks with Controllable Video Signal Test Sources and Simultaneous MDI Measurements, Application Note, [4] Singulus G-T Data Sheet, Contact: Jim Welch Jim.Welch@ineoquest.com (508) //05
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