Sec 4 Geography Revision Notes
|
|
- Christal Kelley
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Hwa Chong Institution (High School) Term Sec 4 Geography Revision Notes INSTRUCTIONS TO READERS You do not need to write your name, class and index number in the spaces at the top of this page. Read ALL the content carefully in the Sections provided in this revision paper You can open the booklet at any time you want INFORMATION FOR READERS Memorize all the content if possible This note consists of 12 printed pages (including this page)
2 Content page Lighthouse of this note Section I: Terms and conditions Section A: Atmosphere, Weather and Climate Section B: Elements of weather and climate Section C: Humidity and precipitation Section D: Planetary Wind and pressure TERM AND CONDITIONS The content of the pages of this note is for your general information and use only. It is subject to change without notice. Neither Cao Yu nor anyone whom you can think off provide any warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy, timeliness, performance, completeness or suitability of the information and materials found or offered on this note for you to score an A1. You acknowledge that such information and materials may contain inaccuracies or errors. Your use of any information or materials on this note is entirely at your own risk, for which I shall not be liable. From time to time this note may also include links to other websites. These links are provided for your convenience to provide further information. They do not signify that I endorse the website(s) nor I have visited the website(s). Hence, I have no responsibility for the content of the linked website(s). You may not upload this note to any website or it to anyone whom you can think off without Cao Yu s prior written consent.
3 Section A: Atmosphere, Weather and Climate The more original a discovery, the more obvious it seems afterwards. STRUCTURE OF EARTH S ATMOSPHERE Atmosphere An envelope of transparent, odorless gases It is held in place by the pull of Earth s gravitational forces Earth s gravity is strongest nearer to the surface, therefore, most of the atmosphere is found near the surface. Consists mostly of: Nitrogen (78%) Oxygen (21%) Water vapor Dust particles STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERE Using temperature, atmosphere can be divided into 4 distinct layers: 1. Troposphere 2. Stratosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Thermosphere TROPOSPHERE Approximately 0 to 14 km above sea level Temperature decreases by 6.4 degrees for every 1000m increase in altitude Temp is due to solar radiation which keeps earth warm Falls in pressure due to the decreasing effect of gravity The most unstable layer Topped by an isothermal layer STRATOSPHERE Steady rise in temp caused by ozone Pressure continues to fall Dry air; little or no weather Acts as a protective shield against meteorite which usually burns out as it enters earth s gravitational field MESOSPHERE Temperature falls rapidly due to no water vapor, cloud or dust or ozone to absorb incoming radiation Lowest temperature 90 degrees Strongest winds 3000km/hr THERMOSPHERE Temperature rise rapidly with height to reach 1500 degrees Due to atomic oxygen which has the same function as ozone.
4 Hwa Chong Institution 2010 Term 1 IHE Geography Revision Notes ENERGY IN THE ATMOSPHERE 3 ways in which solar radiation is treated by atmosphere: Absorption: mainly my ozone, dust, water vapour and carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases Reflection: reflection radiation back into space Scattering: Incoming radiation is diverted by molecules of gas and becomes diffused
5 IMPORTANCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE Helps sustain life Protects the Earth WEATHER VS CLIMATE Weather When this happens, we experience a change in weather Meteorologists define weather as the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place over a short period of time Climate Weather pattern of a place over a long period of time, usually 30 years The basic elements of weather and climate: Sunshine Temperature Humidity Clouds Rainfall Air pressure Wind HOW WEATHER AND CLIMATE AFFECT PEOPLE Weather affects our daily life Climate affects how people live generally Where people choose to live Types of houses people live in Climate affects food and water supply
6 Section B: Elements of Weather climate We have, I fear, confused power with greatness. DEFINITION OF TEMPERATURE Temperature is the degree of heat or cold in the atmosphere It is measured in ºC or ºF WARMING OF AIR Convection Conduction Radiation Hot air, being lighter than cold air, rises as a convection current Air receives heat from the ground it is in contact with Heat energy from the ground is sent back to space. This form of heat energy can travel in a vacuum Factor influencing Temperature Latitude Altitude Description Places near the Equator are hotter than places near the poles due to the angle at which sun s ray strike the Earth Amount of heat received by Earth s surfaces decreases with latitude due to the decreasing angle of incidence Angle at which sun s ray hits earth of the sun s ray Earth s axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5º from the vertical From June to Aug, there is a higher intensity of the sun s ray in the northern hemisphere The higher latitudes in the northern hemisphere experience higher temperature in summer while the higher latitudes in the southern hemisphere experience low temp in winter. Temperature falls by 6.4ºC for every 1000m increase in height. This fall in temperature is called the normal lapse rate. Air is warmed by the heat radiated from the ground due to conduction and convection. It is much warmer as there is larger land Most of Earth's surface gases are also concentrated at the Earth s surface. Temperature sometimes rise with altitude in the troposphere due to: Rapid outgoing terrestrial radiation on a cloudless night. Cold air rolling down slope displacing the Warmer air Warm air rises over cold air at a warm front Cold air undercutting warm air at a cold front
7 Distance from Sea heats up and loses heat more slowly than land the sea Coastal area temperature is influenced. In temperate latitudes, coastal areas have a smaller temperature range between summer and winter Inland areas far from the sea are not affected by the ocean thus having a larger annual temperature range. Ocean Change in temperature is due to ocean currents in the area currents Ocean current are set in motion by prevailing winds blowing over the surface 2 types of ocean currents: Warm Originates from equator Cold Originates from higher latitudes Aspect Refers to the direction of the slope of the land relative to the sun More obvious in temperate regions rather than tropical regions In northern hemisphere, south facing slope have higher temp than north facing slope Humidity Humidity is the state of the atmosphere with respect to its amount of water vapour The higher the humidity, the more clouds there will be as clouds are formed by condensation of water vapour. Thick cloud cover prevents solar radiation from entering in the day and outgoing terrestrial radiation escaping in the night. Therefore, equatorial areas which have high humidity and thick cloud cover have low diurnal temp range. Land surface An area with vegetation is much cooler than an area of concrete. Vegetation reduces the incoming radiation and prevents absorption of heat into the ground. Concrete surfaces absorb heat quickly in the day and releases heat lowly at night. SIX S THERMOMETER Maximum temperature is measured by the maximum thermometer It consists of a glass tube containing mercury and a metal index When temperature rises, the mercury expands and pushes the metal index upwards When temperature falls and the mercury contracts, the metal index stays in place The minimum thermometer works in the same way, but contains alcohol instead of mercury.
8 Section C: Humidity and precipitation The shortest distance between two points is always under construction. HUMIDITY The state of atmosphere with respect to its water vapor content Warm air can hold more water vapour than cold air Water vapour comes from the evaporation of water from ponds, lakes, rivers, seas and oceans. Saturation point is reached when air contains all the water vapour it is able to hold at a particular temperature RELATIVE HUMIDITY The ratio of the actual amount of water vapour in the air at a particular temperature to the maximum quantity of water vapor the air can hold at that temperature Usually measured as a % SATURATION POINT when the air reaches the maximum capacity to hold water vapor DEW POINT TEMPERATURE The temperature at which Saturation Point is reached; Name of the cloud Cirrus Description Thin and wispy Cumulus Round and wooly Stratus Flattish low clouds, occurs in layers Cumulonimbus Huge, towering
9 TYPE OF PRECIPITATION Type of Description precipitation Rainfall The air rises or is lifted The air that has risen or has been lifted cools The cool air becomes saturated at dew point ie, it is holding all the water vapour it can hold at a particular temp. When air is cooled further, it continues to rise, the water vapour in it condenses into water droplets around atmospheric particles The water droplets forms clouds When the water droplets in clouds are too heavy to be suspended in air rain falls Snow Forms under similar conditions to rain Except that as dew points temperatures are under 0ºC, then water vapour condenses directly into solid (Sublimation) Sleet Is a mixture of ice and snow formed when the upper air temperature is below freezing, allowing snowflakes to form and lower air temperature is around 2 to 4ºC which allows them to melt partially Hail Made up of frozen raindrops which exceeds 5mm in diameter It usually forms in cumulonimbus clouds resulting from the uplift of air by convection currents or at a cold front. More common in summer areas where more heat triggers off the uplifting of air. THEORY OF PRECIPITATION Minute water droplets (less than 0.05mm in diameter) or ice crystals (if dew point temperature is below freezing) are produced from condensation Very tiny and weigh very little Constantly kept buoyant by the same rising air currents that produce them Water droplets and ice crystals need to become sufficiently large to overcome this uplift COLLISION & COALESCENCe warm clouds (containing no ice crystals) are found in tropics contain numerous water droplets of differing sizes different-sized droplets swept upwards at varying velocities collide with other droplets the larger the droplet, the greater the chance of collision and coalescence with smaller droplets
10 when coalescing droplets reach a radius of 3mm, their motion causes them to disintegrate to form a fresh supply of droplets thicker clouds provide more time for droplets to grow, with them falling faster (thundery showers) TYPE OF RAINFALL Type of Description rainfall Convectional On a hot day, the air in contact with the warm ground is warmed by conduction. The warm air with higher temperature than the surrounding air rises and is said to be unstable. This unstable warm air which holds a lot of moisture rises in a convection current. As it rises to great height, it cools. Further cooling after it reaches dew point causes water vapor to condense into water droplets around particles such as dust and smoke. The water droplets form towering cumulonimbus clouds. When the water droplets are too heavy to be suspended, conventional rain falls. Relief Orographic rain occurs when near-saturated, warm maritime air is forced to rise when confronted by a coastal mountain barrier. As air rises, it cools. Air becomes saturated when dew point is reached at the level of condensation. Condensation occurs upon further cooling, forming water droplets that coalesce to form clouds. When the water droplets become too heavy, they fall as relief rain on the windward slop. The leeward side of the mountain forms a rain shadow area. After crossing the mountain, descending dry air is warmer. Forms warm dry wind on the leeward slope and it brings very little moisture Frontal Lighter warm air rises gently over heavier cold air which remains close to the ground. Warm air rises, cools and water vapor condenses to form low to mid-level clouds like nimbostratus/altocumulus clouds. Light rain over wide area for several hours Heavy cold air slips under lighter warm air. Warm air rises aggressively. Cumulonimbus clouds form with heavy rain over a small area with a short duration.
11 Section D: Planetary pressure system Life being what it is, one dreams of revenge. WINDS moving air- caused by difference in air pressure Wind always moves from area of high pressure to area of low pressure Air pressure is measured using a mercury barometer PLANETARY PRESSURE SYSTEM 1. Equatorial low pressure belt/doldrums (from 5 N to 5 S) 2. Polar high pressure belts (around 90 N to 90 S) 3. Sub-tropical high pressure belts/horse latitudes (around 30 N to 30 S)
12 4. Sub-polar low pressure belts (around 60 N to 60 S) CORIOLIS Due to rotation of the earth and the unequal distribution of land and sea surfaces, winds do not blow directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure. Moving air appears to be deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere. MAJOR PLANETARY WINDS
13 Trade winds (Both northeast and southeast) Blow from sub-tropical high pressure belts (horse latitudes) to the equatorial low-pressure belt (doldrum). Zone of convergence: ITCZ Westerlies Blow from sub-tropical high pressure belts to sub-polar low pressure belts. Generally warm and dry Easterlies Blow from polar high-pressure belts to sub-polar low pressure belts. MONSOON IN SEA & HURRICANE KATRINA Regional winds which influence the climate of huge land masses. They are seasonal by nature and are caused by changes in pressure during the changing seasons between summer and winter LOCAL WIND
14
Chapter Overview. Seasons. Earth s Seasons. Distribution of Solar Energy. Solar Energy on Earth. CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction
Chapter Overview CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction The atmosphere and the ocean are one independent system. Earth has seasons because of the tilt on its axis. There are three major wind belts in each hemisphere.
More information7613-1 - Page 1. Weather Unit Exam Pre-Test Questions
Weather Unit Exam Pre-Test Questions 7613-1 - Page 1 Name: 1) Equal quantities of water are placed in four uncovered containers with different shapes and left on a table at room temperature. From which
More information8.5 Comparing Canadian Climates (Lab)
These 3 climate graphs and tables of data show average temperatures and precipitation for each month in Victoria, Winnipeg and Whitehorse: Figure 1.1 Month J F M A M J J A S O N D Year Precipitation 139
More information2. The map below shows high-pressure and low-pressure weather systems in the United States.
1. Which weather instrument has most improved the accuracy of weather forecasts over the past 40 years? 1) thermometer 3) weather satellite 2) sling psychrometer 4) weather balloon 6. Wind velocity is
More informationCHAPTER 5 Lectures 10 & 11 Air Temperature and Air Temperature Cycles
CHAPTER 5 Lectures 10 & 11 Air Temperature and Air Temperature Cycles I. Air Temperature: Five important factors influence air temperature: A. Insolation B. Latitude C. Surface types D. Coastal vs. interior
More informationWhat Causes Climate? Use Target Reading Skills
Climate and Climate Change Name Date Class Climate and Climate Change Guided Reading and Study What Causes Climate? This section describes factors that determine climate, or the average weather conditions
More informationLecture 7a: Cloud Development and Forms Why Clouds Form?
Lecture 7a: Cloud Development and Forms Why Clouds Form? Clouds form when air rises and becomes saturated in response to adiabatic cooling. Why Clouds Form Cloud Types (from The Blue Planet ) Four Ways
More informationDescription: This competition will test the student's knowledge of meteorological terms, techniques, and events.
Weather or Not Description: This competition will test the student's knowledge of meteorological terms, techniques, and events. Number of Participants: 2 Approximate Time: 45 minutes The Competition: 1.
More informationHUMIDITY AND PRECIPITATION
12 HUMIDITY AND PRECIPITATION In our previous lesson while discussing the composition of the atmosphere, we noted that water vapour, though a minor component, is a very important constituent of the atmosphere.
More information6 th Grade Science Assessment: Weather & Water Select the best answer on the answer sheet. Please do not make any marks on this test.
Select the be answer on the answer sheet. Please do not make any marks on this te. 1. Weather is be defined as the A. changes that occur in cloud formations from day to day. B. amount of rain or snow that
More informationWEATHER AND CLIMATE practice test
WEATHER AND CLIMATE practice test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What role does runoff play in the water cycle? a. It is the process in
More informationTHIRD GRADE WEATHER 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
THIRD GRADE WEATHER 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES WATER CYCLE OVERVIEW OF THIRD GRADE WATER WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing the different components of the water cycle. LAB: Contrasting water with hydrogen
More informationPartnerships Implementing Engineering Education Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester Public Schools
Partnerships Implementing Engineering Education Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester Public Schools Supported by: National Science Foundation Weather: 4.H.3 Weather and Classical Instruments Grade
More informationSeasonal & Daily Temperatures. Seasons & Sun's Distance. Solstice & Equinox. Seasons & Solar Intensity
Seasonal & Daily Temperatures Seasons & Sun's Distance The role of Earth's tilt, revolution, & rotation in causing spatial, seasonal, & daily temperature variations Please read Chapter 3 in Ahrens Figure
More informationHumidity, Condensation, Clouds, and Fog. Water in the Atmosphere
Humidity, Condensation, Clouds, and Fog or Water in the Atmosphere The Hydrologic Cycle Where the Water Exists on Earth Evaporation From the Oceans and Land The Source of Water Vapor for the Atmosphere
More informationATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE. The vertical distribution of temperature, pressure,
ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE. The vertical distribution of temperature, pressure, density, and composition of the atmosphere constitutes atmospheric structure. These quantities also vary with season and location
More informationName Period 4 th Six Weeks Notes 2015 Weather
Name Period 4 th Six Weeks Notes 2015 Weather Radiation Convection Currents Winds Jet Streams Energy from the Sun reaches Earth as electromagnetic waves This energy fuels all life on Earth including the
More informationFOURTH GRADE WEATHER
FOURTH GRADE WEATHER 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES WATER CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FOURTH GRADE WATER WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing different reservoirs of water. LAB: Experimenting with surface tension and capillary
More informationLecture 7a: Cloud Development and Forms
Lecture 7a: Cloud Development and Forms Why Clouds Form Cloud Types (from The Blue Planet ) Why Clouds Form? Clouds form when air rises and becomes saturated in response to adiabatic cooling. Four Ways
More informationCGC1D1: Interactions in the Physical Environment Factors that Affect Climate
Name: Date: Day/Period: CGC1D1: Interactions in the Physical Environment Factors that Affect Climate Chapter 12 in the Making Connections textbook deals with Climate Connections. Use pages 127-144 to fill
More informationReview 1. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Review 1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. When hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium nuclei a. the nuclei die. c. particles collide. b. energy
More informationCharacteristics of the. thermosphere
Characteristics of the Atmosphere. If you were lost in the desert, you could survive for a few days without food and water. But you wouldn't last more than five minutes without the ' Objectives Describe
More information6. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the average monthly temperature of two cities A and B.
1. Which single factor generally has the greatest effect on the climate of an area on the Earth's surface? 1) the distance from the Equator 2) the extent of vegetative cover 3) the degrees of longitude
More informationName: OBJECTIVES Correctly define: WEATHER BASICS: STATION MODELS: MOISTURE: PRESSURE AND WIND: Weather
Name: OBJECTIVES Correctly define: air mass, air pressure, anemometer, barometer, cyclone, dew point, front, isobar, isotherm, meteorology, precipitation, psychrometer, relative humidity, saturated, transpiration
More informationSolar Flux and Flux Density. Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle. Solar Energy Incident On the Earth. Solar Flux Density Reaching Earth
Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle Solar Flux and Flux Density Planetary energy balance Greenhouse Effect Vertical energy balance Latitudinal energy balance Seasonal and diurnal cycles Solar Luminosity (L)
More informationChapter 6: Cloud Development and Forms
Chapter 6: Cloud Development and Forms (from The Blue Planet ) Why Clouds Form Static Stability Cloud Types Why Clouds Form? Clouds form when air rises and becomes saturated in response to adiabatic cooling.
More informationUNIT VII--ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY AND INSTABILITY
UNIT VII--ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY AND INSTABILITY The stability or instability of the atmosphere is a concern to firefighters. This unit discusses how changes in the atmosphere affect fire behavior, and
More informationSevere Weather. www.readinga-z.com. Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials.
Severe Weather A Reading A Z Level T Leveled Reader Word Count: 1,801 LEVELED READER T Written by Bruce D. Cooper Illustrations by Cende Hill Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials.
More informationClouds, Fog, & Precipitation
firecatching.blogspot.com Kids.brittanica.com Clouds and fog are physically the same just location is different Fog is considered a stratus cloud at or near the surface What does one see when looking at
More informationWEATHER THEORY Temperature, Pressure And Moisture
WEATHER THEORY Temperature, Pressure And Moisture Air Masses And Fronts Weather Theory- Page 77 Every physical process of weather is a result of a heat exchange. The standard sea level temperature is 59
More informationGEOLOGY 10 Extended Notes #6 The Atmosphere (LT Chapter 11)
GEOLOGY 10 Extended Notes #6 The Atmosphere (LT Chapter 11) Weather vs. climate? Composition of Air Major Gases Mostly N and O (Fig. 11.2 on p. 283). Additives Water vapor the source of clouds and precipitation
More informationUNIT IV--TEMPERATURE-MOISTURE RELATIONSHIP
UNIT IV--TEMPERATURE-MOISTURE RELATIONSHIP Weather is the most variable and often the most critical determinant of fire behavior. This is the first of several units that will deal with weather and its
More informationClouds. A simple scientific explanation for the weather-curious. By Kira R. Erickson
Clouds A simple scientific explanation for the weather-curious By Kira R. Erickson Table of Contents 1 3 4 INTRO 2 Page 3 How Clouds Are Formed Types of Clouds Clouds and Weather More Information Page
More informationTemperature affects water in the air.
KEY CONCEPT Most clouds form as air rises and cools. BEFORE, you learned Water vapor circulates from Earth to the atmosphere Warm air is less dense than cool air and tends to rise NOW, you will learn How
More informationESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation
ESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation Reading: Meteorology Today, Chapters 2 and 3 EARTH-SUN GEOMETRY The Earth has an elliptical orbit around the sun The average Earth-Sun
More informationGeography affects climate.
KEY CONCEPT Climate is a long-term weather pattern. BEFORE, you learned The Sun s energy heats Earth s surface unevenly The atmosphere s temperature changes with altitude Oceans affect wind flow NOW, you
More informationSTUDY GUIDE: Earth Sun Moon
The Universe is thought to consist of trillions of galaxies. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, has billions of stars. One of those stars is our Sun. Our solar system consists of the Sun at the center, and all
More informationLecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison. This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies.
Lecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison Astronomy 141 Winter 2012 This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies. The small terrestrial planets have
More informationUNIT 6a TEST REVIEW. 1. A weather instrument is shown below.
UNIT 6a TEST REVIEW 1. A weather instrument is shown below. Which weather variable is measured by this instrument? 1) wind speed 3) cloud cover 2) precipitation 4) air pressure 2. Which weather station
More informationThis chapter discusses: 1. Definitions and causes of stable and unstable atmospheric air. 2. Processes that cause instability and cloud development
Stability & Cloud Development This chapter discusses: 1. Definitions and causes of stable and unstable atmospheric air 2. Processes that cause instability and cloud development Stability & Movement A rock,
More informationThe Atmosphere and Winds
Oceanography 10, T. James Noyes, El Camino College 8A-1 The Atmosphere and Winds We need to learn about the atmosphere, because the ocean and atmosphere are tightly interconnected with one another: you
More informationCLIMATE OF RWANDA. Overview. Linked to other lessons
Geography S6 GENERAL PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF RWANDA Lesson 75 Developed by (Niwagaba Innocent) Subtopic Climate and factors influencing it in Rwanda Specific Objectives The learners must be able to: Describe
More informationRead and study the following information. After reading complete the review questions. Clouds
Name: Pd: Read and study the following information. After reading complete the review questions. Clouds What are clouds? A cloud is a large collection of very tiny droplets of water or ice crystals. The
More informationFOR SUBSCRIBERS ONLY! - TRIAL PASSWORD USERS MAY NOT REPRODUCE AND DISTRIBUTE PRINTABLE MATERIALS OFF THE SOLPASS WEBSITE!
FOR SUBSCRIBERS ONLY! - TRIAL PASSWORD USERS MAY NOT REPRODUCE AND DISTRIBUTE PRINTABLE MATERIALS OFF THE SOLPASS WEBSITE! 1 NAME DATE GRADE 5 SCIENCE SOL REVIEW WEATHER LABEL the 3 stages of the water
More informationSection 1 The Earth System
Section 1 The Earth System Key Concept Earth is a complex system made up of many smaller systems through which matter and energy are continuously cycled. What You Will Learn Energy and matter flow through
More informationThe Ideal Gas Law. Gas Constant. Applications of the Gas law. P = ρ R T. Lecture 2: Atmospheric Thermodynamics
Lecture 2: Atmospheric Thermodynamics Ideal Gas Law (Equation of State) Hydrostatic Balance Heat and Temperature Conduction, Convection, Radiation Latent Heating Adiabatic Process Lapse Rate and Stability
More informationHow Do Oceans Affect Weather and Climate?
How Do Oceans Affect Weather and Climate? In Learning Set 2, you explored how water heats up more slowly than land and also cools off more slowly than land. Weather is caused by events in the atmosphere.
More informationFormation & Classification
CLOUDS Formation & Classification DR. K. K. CHANDRA Department of forestry, Wildlife & Environmental Sciences, GGV, Bilaspur What is Cloud It is mass of tiny water droplets or ice crystals or both of size
More informationThe Importance of Understanding Clouds
NASA Facts National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov The Importance of Understanding Clouds One of the most interesting features of Earth, as seen from space, is the ever-changing distribution
More informationTemperature. PJ Brucat
PJ Brucat Temperature - the measure of average kinetic energy (KE) of a gas, liquid, or solid. KE is energy of motion. KE = ½ mv 2 where m=mass and v=velocity (speed) 1 All molecules have KE whether solid,
More informationSECOND GRADE 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
SECOND GRADE 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES WATER CYCLE OVERVIEW OF SECOND GRADE WATER WEEK 1. PRE: Exploring the properties of water. LAB: Experimenting with different soap mixtures. POST: Analyzing
More informationSeasonal Temperature Variations
Seasonal and Daily Temperatures Fig. 3-CO, p. 54 Seasonal Temperature Variations What causes the seasons What governs the seasons is the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground What two primary factors
More informationYEAR 1: Seasons and Weather
YEAR 1: Seasons and Weather Contents Include: The four seasons Tools to record the weather Making graphs Clouds Weather forecasts Weather around the world Please Note: The activities included in this pack
More informationChapter 6 - Cloud Development and Forms. Interesting Cloud
Chapter 6 - Cloud Development and Forms Understanding Weather and Climate Aguado and Burt Interesting Cloud 1 Mechanisms that Lift Air Orographic lifting Frontal Lifting Convergence Localized convective
More information1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion
Physical Science Period: Name: ANSWER KEY Date: Practice Test for Unit 3: Ch. 3, and some of 15 and 16: Kinetic Theory of Matter, States of matter, and and thermodynamics, and gas laws. 1. The Kinetic
More informationENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: CLIMATE SYSTEM Vol. II - Low-Latitude Climate Zones and Climate Types - E.I. Khlebnikova
LOW-LATITUDE CLIMATE ZONES AND CLIMATE TYPES E.I. Khlebnikova Main Geophysical Observatory, St. Petersburg, Russia Keywords: equatorial continental climate, ITCZ, subequatorial continental (equatorial
More information5 th Grade Science Vocabulary Words
5 th Grade Science Vocabulary Words abiotic factor A nonliving part of an ecosystem. acceleration Change in velocity with respect to time. action The force one object applies to a second, as in Newton
More informationChapter 7 Stability and Cloud Development. Atmospheric Stability
Chapter 7 Stability and Cloud Development Atmospheric Stability 1 Cloud Development - stable environment Stable air (parcel) - vertical motion is inhibited if clouds form, they will be shallow, layered
More informationWater, Phase Changes, Clouds
TUESDAY: air & water & clouds Water, Phase Changes, Clouds How can freezing make something warmer? 'warm air can hold more water' why? How do clouds form? The (extraordinary) properties of Water Physical
More informationCHAPTER 3 Heat and energy in the atmosphere
CHAPTER 3 Heat and energy in the atmosphere In Chapter 2 we examined the nature of energy and its interactions with Earth. Here we concentrate initially on the way in which energy interacts with the atmosphere
More informationCloud Development and Forms. LIFTING MECHANISMS 1. Orographic 2. Frontal 3. Convergence 4. Convection. Orographic Cloud. The Orographic Cloud
Introduction to Climatology GEOGRAPHY 300 Cloud Development and Forms Tom Giambelluca University of Hawai i at Mānoa LIFTING MECHANISMS 1. Orographic 2. Frontal 3. Convergence 4. Convection Cloud Development
More informationWater & Climate Review
Water & Climate Review 1. The cross section below shows the direction of air flowing over a mountain. Points A and B are at the same elevation on opposite sides of the mountain. 4. The graph below shows
More informationLESSON PLAN UNIT: THE EARTH S CLIMATES SESSIONS: 6. Ana Fructuoso Sánchez. Social Sciences teacher. Bilingual group. 1º ESO. IES El Palmar. Murcia.
LESSON PLAN UNIT: THE EARTH S CLIMATES SESSIONS: 6 Ana Fructuoso Sánchez teacher. Bilingual group. 1º ESO IES El Palmar. Murcia. INTRODUCTION: In this unit we are going to analyze the layers of the atmosphere
More informationClouds: What They Are and What They Mean. Susannah Lopez. Introduction to Meteorology. 2 December 2008
Clouds: What They 1 Clouds: What They Are and What They Mean Susannah Lopez Introduction to Meteorology 2 December 2008 Clouds: What They 2 Clouds: What They Are and What They Mean Clouds are composed
More informationFACTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE
FACTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE 1. What is climate change? Climate change is a long-term shift in the climate of a specific location, region or planet. The shift is measured by changes in features associated
More informationAnalyze Weather in Cold Regions and Mountainous Terrain
Analyze Weather in Cold Regions and Mountainous Terrain Terminal Learning Objective Action: Analyze weather of cold regions and mountainous terrain Condition: Given a training mission that involves a specified
More informationCalifornia Standards Grades 9 12 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping
California Standards Grades 912 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping Earth Sciences Earth s Place in the Universe 1. Astronomy and planetary exploration reveal the solar system s structure,
More informationFull name:.. Date:. School: Teacher: Contents:
Contents: 1.- The atmosphere. 2.- Weather and climate. 3.- The elements of climate 3.1 Temperatures 3.2 Rainfalls 3.3 Atmospheric pressure 3.4 Wind 4.-The Natural Environment. Full name:.. Date:. Class:
More informationHow do Scientists Forecast Thunderstorms?
How do Scientists Forecast Thunderstorms? Objective In the summer, over the Great Plains, weather predictions often call for afternoon thunderstorms. While most of us use weather forecasts to help pick
More informationLecture 4: Pressure and Wind
Lecture 4: Pressure and Wind Pressure, Measurement, Distribution Forces Affect Wind Geostrophic Balance Winds in Upper Atmosphere Near-Surface Winds Hydrostatic Balance (why the sky isn t falling!) Thermal
More informationSevere Weather A Reading A Z Level T Leveled Book Word Count: 1,775
Severe Weather A Reading A Z Level T Leveled Book Word Count: 1,775 LEVELED BOOK T SEVERE WEATHER Written by Bruce D. Cooper Illustrated by Cende Hill Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and
More informationATM S 111, Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast
ATM S 111, Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast DARGAN M. W. FRIERSON DEPARTMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DAY 1: OCTOBER 1, 2015 Outline How exactly the Sun heats the Earth How strong? Important concept
More informationThe Earth s Atmosphere
THE SUN-EARTH SYSTEM III The Earth s Atmosphere Composition and Distribution of the Atmosphere The composition of the atmosphere and the way its gases interact with electromagnetic radiation determine
More informationLab Activity on Global Wind Patterns
Lab Activity on Global Wind Patterns 2002 Ann Bykerk-Kauffman, Dept. of Geological and Environmental Sciences, California State University, Chico * Objectives When you have completed this lab you should
More informationCLIMATE, WATER & LIVING PATTERNS THINGS
CLIMATE, WATER & LIVING PATTERNS NAME THE SIX MAJOR CLIMATE REGIONS DESCRIBE EACH CLIMATE REGION TELL THE FIVE FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE EXPLAIN HOW THOSE FACTORS AFFECT CLIMATE DESCRIBE HOW CLIMATES
More informationFog and Cloud Development. Bows and Flows of Angel Hair
Fog and Cloud Development Bows and Flows of Angel Hair 1 Ch. 5: Condensation Achieving Saturation Evaporation Cooling of Air Adiabatic and Diabatic Processes Lapse Rates Condensation Condensation Nuclei
More information1. At which temperature would a source radiate the least amount of electromagnetic energy? 1) 273 K 3) 32 K 2) 212 K 4) 5 K
1. At which temperature would a source radiate the least amount of electromagnetic energy? 1) 273 K 3) 32 K 2) 212 K 4) 5 K 2. How does the amount of heat energy reflected by a smooth, dark-colored concrete
More informationThe Earth's Atmosphere. Layers of the Earth's Atmosphere
The Earth's Atmosphere The atmosphere surrounds Earth and protects us by blocking out dangerous rays from the sun. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that becomes thinner until it gradually reaches space.
More informationStorms Short Study Guide
Name: Class: Date: Storms Short Study Guide Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A(n) thunderstorm forms because of unequal heating
More informationThe Water Cycle. 4 th Grade Pre-Visit Activity #1
th Grade Pre-Visit Activity # The Water Cycle Overview Objectives Subjects Earth s water molecules circulate among air, plants, animals, and soil by way of the water cycle. This activity uses a game to
More informationStability and Cloud Development. Stability in the atmosphere AT350. Why did this cloud form, whereas the sky was clear 4 hours ago?
Stability and Cloud Development AT350 Why did this cloud form, whereas the sky was clear 4 hours ago? Stability in the atmosphere An Initial Perturbation Stable Unstable Neutral If an air parcel is displaced
More informationThe Water Cycle Now You See It, Now You Don t
The Water Cycle Now You See It, Now You Don t Unit: Salinity Patterns & the Water Cycle l Grade Level: Elementary l Time Required: Introduction - 30 min. - Activity as groups 45min Wrap Up 20 min l Content
More informationCHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth
CHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth This chapter is concerned with the nature of energy and how it interacts with Earth. At this stage we are looking at energy in an abstract form though relate it to how it affect
More information(Walter Glogowski, Chaz Shapiro & Reid Sherman) INTRODUCTION
Convection (Walter Glogowski, Chaz Shapiro & Reid Sherman) INTRODUCTION You know from common experience that when there's a difference in temperature between two places close to each other, the temperatures
More informationa) species of plants that require a relatively cool, moist environment tend to grow on poleward-facing slopes.
J.D. McAlpine ATMS 611 HMWK #8 a) species of plants that require a relatively cool, moist environment tend to grow on poleward-facing slopes. These sides of the slopes will tend to have less average solar
More informationMultiple Choice Exam Questions
Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Exam Questions 1. The primary source of energy for the earth's atmosphere is: a. energy from within the earth b. the sun c. erupting volcanoes d. lightning discharges associated
More informationFundamentals of Climate Change (PCC 587): Water Vapor
Fundamentals of Climate Change (PCC 587): Water Vapor DARGAN M. W. FRIERSON UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, DEPARTMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DAY 2: 9/30/13 Water Water is a remarkable molecule Water vapor
More informationPractice Test. 4) The planet Earth loses heat mainly by A) conduction. B) convection. C) radiation. D) all of these Answer: C
Practice Test 1) Increase the pressure in a container of oxygen gas while keeping the temperature constant and you increase the A) molecular speed. B) molecular kinetic energy. C) Choice A and choice B
More informationThe Balance of Power in the Earth-Sun System
NASA Facts National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov The Balance of Power in the Earth-Sun System The Sun is the major source of energy for Earth s oceans, atmosphere, land, and biosphere.
More informationTOPIC: CLOUD CLASSIFICATION
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DELHI DEPARTMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE ASL720: Satellite Meteorology and Remote Sensing TERM PAPER TOPIC: CLOUD CLASSIFICATION Group Members: Anil Kumar (2010ME10649) Mayank
More informationHumidity the story for teachers
Humidity the story for teachers As we have learned earlier, water may exist as a gas (water vapour). Even in the driest desert there is some water vapour in the air. Water vapour is the most important
More informationPrecipitation forms from water droplets or ice crystals.
KEY CONCEPT Water falls to Earth s surface as precipitation. BEFORE, you learned Water moves between Earth's surface and the atmosphere Water vapor condenses into clouds NOW, you will learn How precipitation
More informationSIXTH GRADE WEATHER 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
SIXTH GRADE WEATHER 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES WATER CYCLE OVERVIEW OF SIXTH GRADE WATER WEEK 1. PRE: Evaluating components of the water cycle. LAB: Experimenting with porosity and permeability.
More informationThe Oceans Role in Climate
The Oceans Role in Climate Martin H. Visbeck A Numerical Portrait of the Oceans The oceans of the world cover nearly seventy percent of its surface. The largest is the Pacific, which contains fifty percent
More informationbarometer 1 of 5 For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/barometer/
This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Apple Safari 4) is out of date. Update your browser for more security, comfort and the best experience on this site. Encyclopedic Entry For the complete
More informationGeorgia Performance Standards Framework for Natural Disasters 6 th Grade
The following instructional plan is part of a GaDOE collection of Unit Frameworks, Performance Tasks, examples of Student Work, and Teacher Commentary. Many more GaDOE approved instructional plans are
More informationLecture 1: A Brief Survey of the Atmosphere
Lecture 1: A Brief Survey of the Atmosphere Origins of the atmosphere Vertical structures of the atmosphere Weather maps Thickness of the Atmosphere (from Meteorology Today) 70% The thickness of the atmosphere
More informationEarth Sciences -- Grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. California State Science Content Standards. Mobile Climate Science Labs
Earth Sciences -- Grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 California State Science Content Standards Covered in: Hands-on science labs, demonstrations, & activities. Investigation and Experimentation. Lesson Plans. Presented
More informationAtmospheric Layers. Ionosphere. Exosphere. Thermosphere. Mesosphere. Stratosphere. Troposphere. mi (km) above sea level 250 (400) 50 (80) 30 (50)
mi (km) above sea level Atmospheric Layers Exosphere 250 (400) Thermosphere Ionosphere 50 (80) Mesosphere Ozone Layer 30 (50) 7 (12) Stratosphere Troposphere Atmospheric Layers Earth s atmosphere is held
More information