Study Guide: Astronomy Test 3 (Chapters 9 14) Chapter 9: The Living Earth (pp )

Transcription

1 Study Guide: Astronomy Test 3 (Chapters 9 14) Chapter 9: The Living Earth (pp ) keywords: (p. 231) atmosphere, atmospheric pressure, greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, global warming, carbon dioxide cycle, troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere, exosphere, magnetosphere, key ideas: (p ) What are the four layers of the Earth's Atmosphere? In which of the four layers does weather occur? What is the ozone layer and how does it benefit us? 4. Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer? 5. Why is Earth the only planet in our solar system with a stratosphere? (because it has oxygen needed to create the ozone layer) 6. What is the greenhouse effect and how does it effect Earth's temperature? 7. What are Earth's two most important greenhouse gasses? 8. What is the Carbon dioxide cycle and how does it work? 9. T or F The average global temperature of Earth is currently rising probably due to human production of greenhouse gases 10. How do we benefit from the magnetosphere? Chapter 10: Our Barren Moon (pp ) keywords: (p. 251) lunar maria, lunar highlands, regolith co-creation model, capture model, collision-ejection theory. key ideas: (pp ) About how big is the Moon compared to Earth? Why is the Moon signficantly hotter than Earth during its day AND significantly colder at night? Why does the Moon have no significant atmosphere? (Small worlds have too weak of gravity to hold onto a hot atmosphere.) 4. Does the Moon have a global magnetic field? Why or why not? 5. How does size affect the geology of a world? 6. Why are small worlds dead worlds? (smaller worlds loose heat faster, smaller worlds can't hold onto an atmosphere.) 7. Why does the Moon have significantly more craters than Earth? 8. What causes the vast majority of the craters on the Moon? 9. What is the surface of the Moon like and why? (Answer: it is powdered and crushed rock due to being bombarded by meteoroids over billions of years.) 10. What are the large darker regions on the Moon called? The lighter higher regions? 1 How were the Moon's lunar maria formed? 1 How were the lunar highlands formed? 1 Which are older the maria or the lunar highlands? 14. How is the Moon different on the earth facing side than the opposite side? 15. How are lunar rocks different than Earth rocks? (Answer: they are completely devoid of water.)

2 By what method do scientists believe that Earth's moon was formed? T or F: There may be water ice on the Moon in permanently shaded craters near the poles. Chapter 11: Mercury, Venus, and Mars: Earthlike yet Unique (pp ) keywords: to 2 orbital resonance, scarp, runaway greenhouse effect, runaway icehouse effect. key ideas: (pp ) About how big is Mercury compared to Earth? About how far (in AU) is Mercury from the Sun? What are the unique features of Mercury? 4. Does Mercury have an atmosphere? a magnetic field? a magnetosphere? 5. How is Mercury's surface similar to the Moon's? (Dominated by cratering with volcanic plains.) 6. How is Mercury's surface different than the Moon's? (Smaller lava plains, and giant cliffs called scarps.) 7. How is Mercury's interior similar to and different from Earth's? 8. T or F: Mercury's rotates exactly 3 times for every 2 orbits. 9. T or F: Mercury is very hot during the day and very cold at night. 10. T or F: Mercury may have ice near its poles. 1 About how big is Venus compared to Earth? 1 About how far from the Sun (in AU) does Venus orbit? 1 What are the unique features of Venus? 14. Does Venus have an atmosphere? a magnetic field? a magnetosphere? 15. How is the surface of Venus different than Earth's? 16. What is the hottest planet in the solar system? 17. Why is the surface of Venus so hot? 18. How is the surface of Venus inhospitable to life? 19. What is the runaway greenhouse effect and how does it work? Give one example where it occurs. 20. What are the dominant geological features of Venus? (few craters (that are uniformly spread), lots of presumably active volcanoes, mountains and cracks formed by tectonics, little erosion) 2 T or F: The entire surface of Venus has approximately the same geological age. (T) 2 T or F: Venus has plate tectonics. (False: Venus has tectonics but not in the form of separate plates.) 2 About how big is Mars compared to Earth? 24. Does Mars have an atmosphere? If so then how thick? What is it made of? 25. Does Mars have a global magnetic field? 26. About how far (in AU does Mars orbit from the Sun? 27. What are the unique features of Mars? 28. How does the northern hemisphere of Mars differ from the southern hemisphere? 29. What are the dominant geological features on Mars? (Impact cratering, huge extinct shield volcanoes, Olympus Mons, Valles Marineris, polar ice caps, ancient water erosion features.) 30. How does Mars' seasons compare to Earth's? 3 What is the runaway icehouse effect and how has it affected Mars? 3 T or F: Mars has liquid water on its surface today. (F) 3 T or F: Mars had liquid water on its surface in its (ancient) history. (T)

3 Chapter 12: Jupiter and Saturn: Lords of the Planets (pp ) keywords: p. 324 metallic hydrogen, belts zones great red spot white oval tidal heating, shepherd moon. key ideas: (pp ) About how big is Jupiter compared to Earth? Saturn compared to Earth? About how far (in AU) does Jupiter orbit from the Sun? Saturn? What makes Jupiter unique? Saturn? 4. How do the planets differ from the planets? 5. Of what elements are Jupiter and Saturn primarily made? 6. What physical feature of the planet are the great red spot and the white ovals of Jupiter? 7. What are the light and dark bands on Jupiter and Saturn called? 8. What are zones and belts? 9. What forms the great red spot of Jupiter? the white ovals? (They are giant storms.) 10. Why are Saturn's clouds not as distinct as Jupiter's? (Answer: Saturns cloud layers are deeper in the atmosphere than Jupiter's) 1 What are Jupiter's and Saturn's three cloud layers? 1 What layer of Jupiter and Saturn creates their magnetic fields? 1 Why is Saturn's magnetic field weaker than Jupiter's? (Answer: its weaker gravity creates less pressure which creates less metallic hydrogen) 14. T or F Only Saturn has rings? 15. What planets have rings? (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) Chapter 13: Jupiter and Saturn's satellites of Fire and Ice (pp ) keywords: (p. 349) Galilean satellites, Tidal heating. key ideas (p. 349): Why are the icy moons of the outer planets more geologically active than worlds (Mercury and the Moon) that are the same size? (Answer: It is much easier to melt ice to form ice volcanoes and tidal heating for some of the moons.) What are the names of the 4 moons of Jupiter (Galilean satellites) and their order from innermost to outermost? What makes each of the 4 moons of Jupiter (Galilean satellite) unique? 4. How are the orbits of Io, Europa and Ganymede related? (Answer: their orbital periods are in a ratio of 1:2:4) 5. Why do Io and Europa violate the small worlds equal dead worlds mantra? 6. Where does the large heat energy of Io and Europa come from? 7. What is the most volcanic object in the solar system? 8. Which satellite's surface is dominated by system of cracks on water ice with a global ocean underneath? 9. Why is Europa's surface so young with few craters? 10. T or F: Ganymede and Callisto may have liquid water under surface as well as Europa. 1 What features distinguish Ganymede. (largest moon, has 2 types of terrain: dark cratered old, and light young, produces own magnetic field) 1 Callisto is not chemically differentiated. 1 Which moon is the only one to have a thick atmosphere?

4 14. What is the name of Saturns largest Moon? Chapter 14: Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and the Kuiper Belt: Remote Worlds (pp ) keywords: (p. 371) retrograde orbit, Kuiper belt. key ideas (p. 371): About how big are Uranus and Neptune compared to Earth? (By diameter) About how far do Uranus and Neptune orbit from the Sun? (20 and 30 AU respectively) What are the unique features of Uranus? of Neptune? 4. How are Uranus and Neptune different than Jupiter and Saturn? 5. What are the main layers of Uranus and Neptune? (rocky core, mantle of water and ammonia, outer layer of Hydrogen and Helium) 6. Of what are the clouds of Neptune and Uranus made? 7. What layer of Uranus and Neptune creates their magnetic fields? 8. How is Neptune's Moon Triton different from the other 6 planet sized moons? (Answer: It has a retrograde orbit) 9. How was Triton most likely formed? (It was a Kuiper belt object that was captured by Neptune's gravity.) 10. Triton is geologically young with few craters 1 Triton has active geysers of nitrogen 1 Triton's atmosphere has mostly frozen (since it is extremely cold). 1 Triton has a very thin atmosphere whose wind has blown dark material down wind in streaks. 14. What is Triton's fate? Some planetary data to memorize (p. 214) planet orbit size planet size (AU) ( Earth) Mercury Venus Earth 1 1 Mars Jupiter 5 11 type of planet atmosphere? no thick thin Unique features 3:2 synchronous orbit, day side very hot, night side very cold. hottest planet, retrograde rotation, thick acidic atmosphere, runaway greenhouse effect, Earth's future. has life, liquid water oceans, plate tectonics, oxygen in atmosphere most similar surface to Earth, Huge extinct volcanos, Huge Canyon, polar ice caps. most massive planet, has four large moons.

5 Saturn 10 9 Uranus 19 4(4.0) Neptune 30 4(9) Astronomy Quiz 8 July 12, 2012 Short Answer (3 points each) least dense planet, has bright rings, Titan orbits it. spin tilted on side, slightly retrograde rotation. most dense planet, Triton orbits it. About how far does Mercury orbit from the Sun?0.4 AU What are the four layers of earth's atmosphere from lowest to highest?troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere What are the large lunar Maria?Large dark circular low lying regions having few craters that are mostly on the near side of the moon. True or False (1 point each) False: Mercury is the hottest planet in the solar system. True: Mercury despite its small size has a magnetic field. True: Mercury like the moon may have ice at its poles. Multiple Choice (2 points each) Circle the ONE BEST answer to each of the following. Which of the following is not a true statement about Mercury? a. it is the closest planet to the Sun. b. its exterior is very similar to the Moon's except it has giant cliffs called scarps. c. Like the moon around earth it always keeps its same face pointed toward the Sun. d. it has a magnetic field but does not have an atmosphere. Which of the following is not true about the moon? a. It has a global magnetic field. b. Almost all of the maria are on the side facing earth. c. It has no geological activity nor active volcanos. d. It has a significantly smaller core than earth. According to the best currently available scientific evidence, which model best describes how Earth's moon was formed? a. Collision-ejection model. b. fission model. c. co-creation model. d. capture model. 4. What is the importance of the stratosphere? a. It is the layer of earth that drives plate tectonics. b. It is the lowest layer of earth's atmosphere in which weather occurs.

6 c. d. It contains the protective ozone layer which absorbs ultraviolet light. It is the highest layer of earth's atmosphere. Astronomy Quiz 9 July 17, 2012 Short Answer (3 points each) What is the runaway greenhouse effect and on what planet does it occur?higher temperatures lead to more greenhouse gasses and higher temperatures still. Venus Name at least 3 unique features of Venus.Hottest planet, very acidic and high pressure atmosphere, rotates slowly backwards, orbits at 0.7 AU, etc. About how big is Mars relative to Earth?0.5 True or False (1 point each) True: Jupiter is primarily made of Hydrogen and Helium. False: Mars currently has liquid water on its surface. True: Mars probably had liquid water on its surface billions of years ago. Multiple Choice (2 points each) Circle the ONE BEST answer to each of the following. Which of the following is not true about Venus' surface? a. The atmosphere is extremely acidic. b. The atmospheric pressure is extremely high. c. Its northern hemisphere has significantly more craters than its southern hemisphere. d. It is the hottest planet on the surface. About how far does Venus orbit from the Sun? a. 0.4 AU b AU c. 0.7 AU. d AU Which of the following is not a feature seen on Mars? a. Olympus Mons (the largest volcano in the solar system). b. Valles Marineris (the largest rift valley in the solar system). c. Dust storms, dust devils, and thin clouds. d. strong winds and occasional rain. 4. Which of the following is not true. a. Jupiter orbits the sun at around 7 AU. b. Mars orbits at around 5 AU. c. Some oppositions of Mars are more favorable than others (with a 15 year cycle). d. Jupiter is around 11 earths in diameter. Astronomy Quiz 10 July 19, 2012

7 Short Answer (3 points each) Which moon is the largest in the solar system?ganymede About how big is Neptune in diameter compared to Earth?9 times the diameter. Name three ways that Uranus and Neptune are different than Jupiter and Saturn.They are significantly smaller yet more dense due to having significantly more hydrogen compounds. They have methane clouds instead of the three cloud layers. Their magnetic field is due to a layer of ammonia and water instead of a layer of metallic hydrogen. True or False (1 point each) True: Saturn's moon Titan has a thick nitrogen atmosphere. False: Ganymede is the most volcanic object in the solar system. True: Jupiter's great red spot is a giant storm. Multiple Choice (2 points each) Circle the ONE BEST answer to each of the following. Which of the moons has a flat surface of bright ice dominated by a system of cracks and probably floating on a global ocean of water? a. Europa b. Ganymede c. Titan d. Callisto Which of the following is not true about Triton? a. it orbits Neptune with a retrograde orbit and is slowly spiralling in b. it is very similar to pluto in size, density, and temperature c. it has active volcanos with a thin atmosphere d. it is the second largest moon in the solar system Which of the following is not a cloud layer on Jupiter? a. ammonia b. ammonium hydrasulfide c. methane d. water 4. Which moon's interior never got hot enough for the heavy material to sink to the center and become chemically differentiated? a. Io b. Callisto c. Ganymede d. Europa