How do Various Iron Sources Fuel Phytoplankton Growth in the Southern Ocean? What Factors Control Phytoplankton Abundance in Coastal Polynyas?
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1 1 How do Various Iron Sources Fuel Phytoplankton Growth in the Southern Ocean? What Factors Control Phytoplankton Abundance in Coastal Polynyas? Kevin R. Arrigo Gert van Dijken Stanford University
2 2 Antarctic polynyas Areas of open water surrounded by sea ice Can be identified with SSM/I satellite data Based on days of ice cover Red = Max Blue = Min Polynyas are blue areas near coast
3 3 Antarctic polynyas Hot spots of primary production (g C m -2 yr -1 )
4 4 Antarctic polynyas Hot spots of primary production (g C m -2 yr -1 ) Can support high densities of marine mammals and birds Adelie Penguins vs. Polynya Productivity Mean colony size (1000 pairs) Ann R 2 = 0.63 Annual production (mg C m -2 yr -1 ) Arrigo and Van Dijken (2003)
5 5 Antarctic polynyas Hot spots of primary production (g C m -2 yr -1 ) Can support high densities of marine mammals and birds Seal Pups vs. Polynya Productivity Weddell seal pups weaned R 2 = 0.75 Annual production (mg C m -2 yr -1 ) Paterson et al. (submitted)
6 6 Antarctic polynyas Hot spots of primary production (g C m -2 yr -1 ) CO 2 flux (g C m -2 yr -1 ) Can support high densities of marine mammals and birds Large sinks for atmospheric CO 2 Ross Sea Arrigo et al. (2008)
7 Question: What factors control phytoplankton abundance in Antarctic coastal polynyas? Factors investigated for each polynya: Area of open water Number of days of open water Mean daily PAR during growing season Sea surface temperature Continental shelf width Basal melt rate of nearby glaciers (Rignot et al. 2013) Photo: John Weller Phaeocystis antarctica 7
8 Approach SeaWiFS For : Used satellite data to identify polynyas, track changes in sea ice, measure SST and chlorophyll a concentration, and calculate primary AVHRR production SSM/I 8
9 Ocean Atlantic Ocean ANTARCTICA Indian Ocean
10 Annual mean phytoplankton abundance in 46 coastal polynyas 2.5 Atlantic Indian Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Polynya number 10
11 Annual mean phytoplankton abundance in 46 coastal polynyas Related to annual mean sea surface temperature Warmer temperatures promote higher Chl a Strongest relationship in Atlantic sector 2.5 Atlantic Indian 0 Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Temperature ( C) Polynya number
12 Annual mean phytoplankton abundance in 46 coastal polynyas Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Atlantic Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Indian Temperature ( C) R 2 = 0.41 p < Temperature ( C) Polynya number
13 What other factors control phytoplankton abundance in coastal polynyas? 2.5 Atlantic Indian Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Polynya number 13
14 14 What other factors control phytoplankton abundance in coastal polynyas? Related to width of local continental shelf Relationship about equally strong in all sectors 2.5 Atlantic Indian 700 Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Shelf width (km) Polynya number 0
15 15 What other factors control phytoplankton abundance in coastal polynyas? Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Atlantic Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Indian Shelf width (km) R 2 = 0.40 p < Shelf width (km) Polynya number 0
16 Why the relationship between phytoplankton abundance and continental shelf width? Highest seawater iron concentrations are on the shelf Wider shelves have larger iron inventory and permit greater entrainment of iron into surface waters (Bruland et al. 2005, Biller et al. 2013) More iron = higher phytoplankton biomass Blue = Low iron concentration Orange = High iron concentration visibleearth.nasa.gov 16
17 Why the relationship between phytoplankton abundance and continental shelf width? A B Best example is in Ross Sea Large continental shelf Depth (m) A B Marsay et al. (2014) 164 E 168 E 172 E 176 E 180 E Longitude Gerringa et al. (submitted) Blue Low = Low Fe near iron concentration RIS Orange = High iron concentration Ross Ice Shelf Latitude visibleearth.nasa.gov 17 nm
18 What other factors control phytoplankton abundance in coastal polynyas? Atlantic Indian Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Polynya number
19 What other factors control phytoplankton abundance in coastal polynyas? 39 of 46 coastal polynyas are adjacent to melting ice shelves Atlantic Indian Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Polynya number
20 What other factors control phytoplankton abundance in coastal polynyas? 39 of 46 coastal polynyas are adjacent to melting ice shelves Phytoplankton abundance related to basal melt rate Relationship strongest in sector Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Atlantic Indian Basal melt rate (Gt yr -1 ) Polynya number 20
21 What other factors control phytoplankton abundance in coastal polynyas? Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Atlantic Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Basal melt rate (Gt yr -1 ) Polynya number Indian Indian R 2 = 0.59 p < Basal melt rate (Gt yr -1 ) 21
22 Why the relationship between phytoplankton abundance and basal melt rate of nearby ice shelves? Ice sheets grind up bedrock as they flow to sea Ice sheets accumulate Fe-containing dust Particulate and dissolved iron is released into seawater Facilitated by upwelling of warm CDW Iron taken up by growing phytoplankton 22 Phytoplankton bloom (CDW)
23 Why the relationship between phytoplankton abundance and basal melt rate of nearby ice shelves? Best example is in Amundsen Sea Most rapidly melting glaciers Large Fe flux at face of Pine Island Glacier Fe consumed by phytoplankton in surface waters 0 DynaLiFe Cruise Chlorophyll > 10 mg m -3 Dissolved iron (nm) 0.8 Depth (m) Chlorophyll > 5 mg m Distance from Pine Island Glacier (km) Modified from Gerringa et al. (2012) 23
24 24 How much variance in chlorophyll a can be explained by environmental variables? Multiple regression model included: Shelf width SST Basal melt rate Open water area *Number of days of open water *Mean daily PAR *Removed because they had no effect on regression model
25 25 Some of the predictor variables were significantly but weakly correlated Predictor Predictor R 2 p-value Shelf width SST 0.19 p<0.01 SST Basal melt 0.16 p<0.01 Shelf width Basal melt 0.17 p<0.01 Shelf width Open water 0.20 p<0.01
26 Multiple linear regression: R 2 = 0.77 Parameter p-value VIF % of R 2 explained Basal melt rate < % (Gt yr -1 ) Sea surface temp < % ( C) Shelf width < % (km) Mean open water < % (km 2 ) VIF = Variance Inflation Factor (should be below 2.5) 26
27 27 CONCLUSIONS Even coastal Antarctic polynyas are iron-limited Light does not control phytoplankton productivity Higher SST increases phytoplankton abundance directly through increased growth rates but possibly also indirectly through increased glacial melting Wide shelves are more productive than narrow ones Greater resuspension of sediment iron Very productive polynyas require input of glacial meltwater Presumably because of additional iron supplies Future increases in glacial melt are likely to increase biological productivity of coastal ecosystems
28 THANK YOU! Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Cryosphere Science Program 28
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